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*Infection with EV-68 may be asymptomatic, or frequently cause cold-like symptoms. | *Infection with EV-68 may be asymptomatic, or frequently cause cold-like symptoms. | ||
*However, complications may be observed in 17% of cases<ref name="Meijervan der Sanden2012">{{cite journal|last1=Meijer|first1=Adam|last2=van der Sanden|first2=Sabine|last3=Snijders|first3=Bianca E.P.|last4=Jaramillo-Gutierrez|first4=Giovanna|last5=Bont|first5=Louis|last6=van der Ent|first6=Cornelis K.|last7=Overduin|first7=Pieter|last8=Jenny|first8=Shireen L.|last9=Jusic|first9=Edin|last10=van der Avoort|first10=Harrie G.A.M.|last11=Smith|first11=Gavin J.D.|last12=Donker|first12=Gé A.|last13=Koopmans|first13=Marion P.G.|title=Emergence and epidemic occurrence of enterovirus 68 respiratory infections in The Netherlands in 2010|journal=Virology|volume=423|issue=1|year=2012|pages=49–57|issn=00426822|doi=10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.021}}</ref>, including severe [[pneumonia]] or co-infections with other pathogens, such as [[RSV]], [[S. pneumoniae]], [[CMV]], [[Chlamydia pneumoniae]], or [[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]].<ref name="LuWo2013">{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Q.-B.|last2=Wo|first2=Y.|last3=Wang|first3=H.-Y.|last4=Wei|first4=M.-T.|last5=Zhang|first5=L.|last6=Yang|first6=H.|last7=Liu|first7=E.-M.|last8=Li|first8=T.-Y.|last9=Zhao|first9=Z.-T.|last10=Liu|first10=W.|last11=Cao|first11=W.-C.|title=Detection of enterovirus 68 as one of the commonest types of enterovirus found in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in China|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=63|issue=Pt_3|year=2013|pages=408–414|issn=0022-2615|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.068247-0}}</ref> | *However, complications may be observed in 17% of cases<ref name="Meijervan der Sanden2012">{{cite journal|last1=Meijer|first1=Adam|last2=van der Sanden|first2=Sabine|last3=Snijders|first3=Bianca E.P.|last4=Jaramillo-Gutierrez|first4=Giovanna|last5=Bont|first5=Louis|last6=van der Ent|first6=Cornelis K.|last7=Overduin|first7=Pieter|last8=Jenny|first8=Shireen L.|last9=Jusic|first9=Edin|last10=van der Avoort|first10=Harrie G.A.M.|last11=Smith|first11=Gavin J.D.|last12=Donker|first12=Gé A.|last13=Koopmans|first13=Marion P.G.|title=Emergence and epidemic occurrence of enterovirus 68 respiratory infections in The Netherlands in 2010|journal=Virology|volume=423|issue=1|year=2012|pages=49–57|issn=00426822|doi=10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.021}}</ref>, including severe [[pneumonia]] or co-infections with other pathogens, such as [[RSV]], [[S. pneumoniae]], [[CMV]], [[Chlamydia pneumoniae]], or [[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]].<ref name="LuWo2013">{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Q.-B.|last2=Wo|first2=Y.|last3=Wang|first3=H.-Y.|last4=Wei|first4=M.-T.|last5=Zhang|first5=L.|last6=Yang|first6=H.|last7=Liu|first7=E.-M.|last8=Li|first8=T.-Y.|last9=Zhao|first9=Z.-T.|last10=Liu|first10=W.|last11=Cao|first11=W.-C.|title=Detection of enterovirus 68 as one of the commonest types of enterovirus found in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in China|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=63|issue=Pt_3|year=2013|pages=408–414|issn=0022-2615|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.068247-0}}</ref> | ||
*In rare cases, EV-68 causes disease of the [[CNS]].<ref name="pmid24324030">{{cite journal| author=Lu QB, Wo Y, Wang HY, Wei MT, Zhang L, Yang H et al.| title=Detection of enterovirus 68 as one of the commonest types of enterovirus found in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in China. | journal=J Med Microbiol | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= Pt 3 | pages= 408-14 | pmid=24324030 | doi=10.1099/jmm.0.068247-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24324030 }} </ref> | *In rare cases, EV-68 causes disease of the [[CNS]].<ref name="pmid24324030">{{cite journal| author=Lu QB, Wo Y, Wang HY, Wei MT, Zhang L, Yang H et al.| title=Detection of enterovirus 68 as one of the commonest types of enterovirus found in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in China. | journal=J Med Microbiol | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= Pt 3 | pages= 408-14 | pmid=24324030 | doi=10.1099/jmm.0.068247-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24324030 }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal | ||
| author = [[Justin D. Kreuter]], [[Arti Barnes]], [[James E. McCarthy]], [[Joseph D. Schwartzman]], [[M. Steven Oberste]], [[C. Harker Rhodes]], [[John F. Modlin]] & [[Peter F. Wright]] | |||
| title = A fatal central nervous system enterovirus 68 infection | |||
| journal = [[Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine]] | |||
| volume = 135 | |||
| issue = 6 | |||
| pages = 793–796 | |||
| year = 2011 | |||
| month = June | |||
| doi = 10.1043/2010-0174-CR.1 | |||
| pmid = 21631275 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
Revision as of 14:27, 10 September 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [3]
Overview
Enterovirus produces mild upper respiratory symptoms and is most common in children. Enterovirus 68 is associated with a low mortality, but complications such as severe pneumonia and superimposed infections may occur in almost one-fifth of infected patients.
Natural History
- Enterovirus 68 enters the body through the oral and nasal cavity through respiratory droplets and colonizes the respiratory mucosa.
- Enterovirus 68 infection usually affects children, but can also cause mild respiratory symptoms in adult patients.[1]
- The infection starts with symptoms such as cough, fever, difficulty breathing, and wheezing.[2][3][4]
- The disease can progress to severe respiratory distress and patients may require oxygen supplementation and hospital admission. Patients usually stay from 1 to 6 days in the hospital.[1] [4]
- The symptoms typically develop 1 week after exposure to an ill contact.[1]
Complications
- Infection with EV-68 may be asymptomatic, or frequently cause cold-like symptoms.
- However, complications may be observed in 17% of cases[5], including severe pneumonia or co-infections with other pathogens, such as RSV, S. pneumoniae, CMV, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae.[2]
- In rare cases, EV-68 causes disease of the CNS.[6][7]
Prognosis
- Most patients recover uneventfully.
- Asthmatic patient have an increased risk of developing severe disease.[8]
- One case report describes a fatal case of enterovirus 68 infection associated with pneumonia, flaccid paralysis and neurologic impairment. [9]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jacobson, Lara M.; Redd, John T.; Schneider, Eileen; Lu, Xiaoyan; Chern, Shur-Wern W.; Oberste, M. Steven; Erdman, Dean D.; Fischer, Gayle E.; Armstrong, Gregory L.; Kodani, Maja; Montoya, Jennifer; Magri, Julie M.; Cheek, James E. (2012). "Outbreak of Lower Respiratory Tract Illness Associated With Human Enterovirus 68 Among American Indian Children". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 31 (3): 309–312. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182443eaf. ISSN 0891-3668.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lu, Q.-B.; Wo, Y.; Wang, H.-Y.; Wei, M.-T.; Zhang, L.; Yang, H.; Liu, E.-M.; Li, T.-Y.; Zhao, Z.-T.; Liu, W.; Cao, W.-C. (2013). "Detection of enterovirus 68 as one of the commonest types of enterovirus found in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in China". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 63 (Pt_3): 408–414. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.068247-0. ISSN 0022-2615.
- ↑ Imamura, Tadatsugu; Suzuki, Akira; Lupisan, Socorro; Kamigaki, Taro; Okamoto, Michiko; Roy, Chandra Nath; Olveda, Remigio; Oshitani, Hitoshi (2014). "Detection of enterovirus 68 in serum from pediatric patients with pneumonia and their clinical outcomes". Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 8 (1): 21–24. doi:10.1111/irv.12206. ISSN 1750-2640.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Piralla, Antonio; Girello, Alessia; Grignani, Michela; Gozalo-Margüello, Monica; Marchi, Antonietta; Marseglia, Gianluigi; Baldanti, Fausto (2014). "Phylogenetic characterization of enterovirus 68 strains in patients with respiratory syndromes in Italy". Journal of Medical Virology. 86 (9): 1590–1593. doi:10.1002/jmv.23821. ISSN 0146-6615.
- ↑ Meijer, Adam; van der Sanden, Sabine; Snijders, Bianca E.P.; Jaramillo-Gutierrez, Giovanna; Bont, Louis; van der Ent, Cornelis K.; Overduin, Pieter; Jenny, Shireen L.; Jusic, Edin; van der Avoort, Harrie G.A.M.; Smith, Gavin J.D.; Donker, Gé A.; Koopmans, Marion P.G. (2012). "Emergence and epidemic occurrence of enterovirus 68 respiratory infections in The Netherlands in 2010". Virology. 423 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.021. ISSN 0042-6822.
- ↑ Lu QB, Wo Y, Wang HY, Wei MT, Zhang L, Yang H; et al. (2014). "Detection of enterovirus 68 as one of the commonest types of enterovirus found in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in China". J Med Microbiol. 63 (Pt 3): 408–14. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.068247-0. PMID 24324030.
- ↑ Justin D. Kreuter, Arti Barnes, James E. McCarthy, Joseph D. Schwartzman, M. Steven Oberste, C. Harker Rhodes, John F. Modlin & Peter F. Wright (2011). "A fatal central nervous system enterovirus 68 infection". Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 135 (6): 793–796. doi:10.1043/2010-0174-CR.1. PMID 21631275. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Hasegawa, S.; Hirano, R.; Okamoto-Nakagawa, R.; Ichiyama, T.; Shirabe, K. (2011). "Enterovirus 68 infection in children with asthma attacks: virus-induced asthma in Japanese children". Allergy. 66 (12): 1618–1620. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02725.x. ISSN 0105-4538.
- ↑ Justin D. Kreuter, Arti Barnes, James E. McCarthy, Joseph D. Schwartzman, M. Steven Oberste, C. Harker Rhodes, John F. Modlin & Peter F. Wright (2011). "A fatal central nervous system enterovirus 68 infection". Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine. 135 (6): 793–796. doi:10.1043/2010-0174-CR.1. PMID 21631275. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)