West nile virus future or investigational therapies: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==


==Treatment research==
==Future or Investigational Therapies==
<!---
* [[Ribavirin]] has been used in cases of west nile virus [[CNS]] involvement, as it has demonstrated inhibition of the [[virus]] in human neural cells ''in vitro''.<ref>{{Cite journal
[[Morpholino]] antisense oligos conjugated to [[cell penetrating peptide]]s have been shown to partially protect mice from WNV disease.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Tia S | last = Deas | coauthors = Bennett CJ, Jones SA, Tilgner M, Ren P, Behr MJ, Stein DA, Iversen PL, Kramer LD, Bernard KA, Shi PY | year = 2007 | month = May | title = In vitro resistance selection and in vivo efficacy of morpholino oligomers against West Nile virus | journal = Antimicrob Agents Chemother | id = PMID 17485503}}</ref> There have also been attempts to treat infections using [[ribavirin]], intravenous [[immunoglobulin]], or [[alpha interferon]].<ref>Hayes E B, Sejvar J J, Zaki S R, Lanciotti R S, Bode A V, Campbell G L. "Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease." ''Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal'' 2005b; 11: 1174-1179.</ref> GenoMed, a US biotech company, has found that blocking angiotensin II can treat the "[[cytokine storm]]" of West Nile virus encephalitis as well as other viruses.<ref>Moskowitz DW, Johnson FE. The central role of angiotensin I-converting enzyme in vertebrate pathophysiology. Curr Top Med Chem. 2004;4(13):1433-54. PMID: 15379656.</ref>
| author = [[I. Jordan]], [[T. Briese]], [[N. Fischer]], [[J. Y. Lau]] & [[W. I. Lipkin]]
 
| title = Ribavirin inhibits West Nile virus replication and cytopathic effect in neural cells
In 2007 the World Community Grid launched a project where by computer modeling of the West Nile Virus (and related viruses) thousands of small molecules are screened for their potential anti-viral properties in fighting the West Nile Virus. This is a project which by the use of computer simulations potential drugs will be identified which will directly attack the virus once a person is infected. This is a distributed process project similar to [[SETI@Home]] where the general public downloads the World Community Grid agent and the program (along with thousands of other users) screens thousands of molecules while their computer would be otherwise idle. If the user needs to use the computer the program sleeps. There are several different projects running, including a similar one screening for anti-AIDS drugs.
| journal = [[The Journal of infectious diseases]]
 
| volume = 182
==Possible vaccination==
  | issue = 4
NIAID intramural scientists pioneered the concept of creating chimeric vaccines for [[flaviviruses]] in 1992. These scientists, now led by Dr. Brian Murphy, have developed a chimeric West Nile vaccine that uses a weakened [[dengue]] virus as a backbone to carry [[genes]] for the WNV protective [[antigens]].
| pages = 1214–1217
 
| year = 2000
Led by Dr. Gary Nabel, researchers at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center (VRC), in collaboration with the San Diego, California-based biotechnology company Vical, Inc., have also developed investigational vaccines for preventing WNV infection. The vaccines are [[DNA]]-based.
| month = October
 
| doi = 10.1086/315847
In April 2005, following preclinical safety studies and viral challenge studies, the VRC initiated a Phase I clinical trial to evaluate safety, tolerability, and immune responses of a recombinant DNA vaccine in human volunteers. This trial represents the first demonstration in humans DNA vaccine to induce neutralizing antibody in a clinical trial.
| pmid = 10979920
 
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
Also in collaboration with Vical, Inc., the VRC developed a second-generation DNA vaccine using an improved vector expressing the same WNV proteins.
| author = [[S. Ia Loginova]], [[S. V. Borisevich]], [[Iu A. Pashchenko]] & [[V. P. Bondarev]]
 
| title = &#91;Ribavirin prophylaxis and therapy of experimental West Nile fever&#93;
NIAID-supported researchers have developed hamster models of WNV infection (both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hamsters) that closely mimic the human disease. Mouse models of WNV infection have also been developed. These animal models have proved useful in delineating progression of disease and are critical for evaluating the initial safety and efficacy of candidate vaccines, as well as the safety and efficacy of potential therapies. Using the hamster model, researchers were able to determine that prior infection with other related viruses may provide complete or partial immunity to WNV.
| journal = [[Antibiotiki i khimioterapiia = Antibiotics and chemoterapy [sic] / Ministerstvo meditsinskoi i mikrobiologicheskoi promyshlennosti SSSR]]
 
| volume = 54
[[Image:WNV vaccine.jpg]]
| issue = 11-12
 
| pages = 17–20
--->
| year = 2009
| month =
| pmid = 20583562
}}</ref>
*[[Interferon alfa-2b]] has also shown benefit in ''in vitro'' studies against west nile virus [[CNS]] infection.<ref name="Anderson2002">{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=John F.|title=Efficacy of Interferon -2b and Ribavirin Against West Nile Virus In Vitro|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=8|issue=1|year=2002|pages=107–108|issn=10806040|doi=10.3201/eid0801.010252}}</ref>
*Further studies need to be done to determine the efficacy and safety of [[ribavirin]] and [[interferon alfa-2b]] in west nile virus infection.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:26, 11 September 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Future or Investigational Therapies

  • Ribavirin has been used in cases of west nile virus CNS involvement, as it has demonstrated inhibition of the virus in human neural cells in vitro.[1][2]
  • Interferon alfa-2b has also shown benefit in in vitro studies against west nile virus CNS infection.[3]
  • Further studies need to be done to determine the efficacy and safety of ribavirin and interferon alfa-2b in west nile virus infection.

References

  1. ↑ I. Jordan, T. Briese, N. Fischer, J. Y. Lau & W. I. Lipkin (2000). "Ribavirin inhibits West Nile virus replication and cytopathic effect in neural cells". The Journal of infectious diseases. 182 (4): 1214–1217. doi:10.1086/315847. PMID 10979920. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ S. Ia Loginova, S. V. Borisevich, Iu A. Pashchenko & V. P. Bondarev (2009). "[Ribavirin prophylaxis and therapy of experimental West Nile fever]". [[Antibiotiki i khimioterapiia = Antibiotics and chemoterapy [sic] / Ministerstvo meditsinskoi i mikrobiologicheskoi promyshlennosti SSSR]]. 54 (11–12): 17–20. PMID 20583562.
  3. ↑ Anderson, John F. (2002). "Efficacy of Interferon -2b and Ribavirin Against West Nile Virus In Vitro". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (1): 107–108. doi:10.3201/eid0801.010252. ISSN 1080-6040.


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