Drug allergy causes: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 15:06, 25 September 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Charmaine Patel, M.D. [2], Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]

Overview

The types of drugs that can cause drug allergies vary. Drugs containing sulfa are common in causing drug allergy reactions. Other common drugs implicated in leading to an allergic reaction are antibiotics, insulin, and iodinated drugs.

Causes

Common Causes

When a medication causes an allergic reaction, it is called an allergen. The following is a short list of the most common drug allergens

Antibiotics
Analgesics
- Codeine
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Anticonvulsives
- Dilantin
- Tegretol

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Effect	Abciximab, Acetazolamide, Allopurinol, Amifostine, Barbiturates, Benazepril, Bendamustine,Benoxaprofen, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Brentuximab vedotin, Brinzolamide, Budesonide And Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate, Bumetanide, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone Hydrochloride, Cabergoline, Captopril, Carbamazepine, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Cefdinir, Celecoxib, Cephalosporins, Cetuximab, Chlorambucil, Chlormezanone, Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Clindamycin, Codeine, Diclofenac, Diltiazem, Doxycycline Hyclate, Erlotinib, Ethotoin, Etravirine, Exenatide, Fosamprenavir, Gold, Ibandronic acid, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Interferon beta-1b, Ipilimumab, Insulin, Isoniazid, Lamotrigine, Leflunomide, Lenalidomide, Methyldopa, Methylphenidate, Nebivolol, Nevirapine, NSAIDs, Penicillamine, Phenacetin, Phenobarbitol, Phenylbutazone, Phenytoin, Primidone, Procainamide, Quinidine, Sorafenib, Streptomycin, Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate, Sulfasalazine, Sulfonamide, Sulfonylurea, Suramin, Terbinafine, Tetracycline, Thiabendazole, Thioacetazone, Vancomycin, Vandetanib, Zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes by Specific Allergic Reactions^[1]^[2]

Cutaneous reactions	Clnical features	Implicated medications
Exanthems	▸ Delayed-type hypersensitivity ▸ Evolve over days after drug initiation ▸ Diffuse macules and papules	Allopurinol, amphotericin, barbiturates, captopril, carbamazepine, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, furosemide, gentamicin, gold salts, lithium, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, penicillins, phenothiazines, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, sulfonamides, thiazides
Urticaria/ angioedema	▸ Often IgE mediated ▸ Onset within minutes of drug initiation	Abatacept, ACE inhibitors, Acyclovir, adalimumab, alendronate, alteplase, aminosalicylic acid, anticonvulsants, aspirin, atomoxetine, atropine, Benazepril, Budesonide And Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate, Captopril, Carvedilol, Celecoxib, cephalosporins, eszopiclone, Exenatide, desvenlafaxine, dextran, darunavir, ipratropium bromide, hydralazine, monoclonal antibodies, NSAIDs, opioids, penicillins, pentamidine, quinine, sitagliptin, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, tenofovir, thiouracil, ticlopidine, tubocurarine, ustekinumab, vancomycin, zolpidem
Fixed drug eruption	▸ Hyperpigmented plaques that recur at same skin or mucosal site	ACE inhibitors, adalimumab, allopurinol, amlodipine, aspirin, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, cephalosporins, clindamycin, co-trimoxazole, dextromethorphan, diltiazem, fluconazole, lamotrigine, lansoprazole, metronidazole, NSAIDs, paclitaxel, paracetamol, penicillin, phenolphthalein, omeprazole, quinine, salicylates, sulfonamides, terbinafine, tetracyclines, trimethoprim
Pustules	▸ Acute generalized eczematous pustulosis or acneiform rash	antibiotics, calcium-channel blockers, corticosteroids, sirolimus
Bullous	▸ Flaccid or tense blisters	Captopril, penicillamine, furosemide, vancomycin
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus	▸ Erythematous/scaly plaques in photodistribution	Hydrochlorothiazide, calcium-channel blockers, ACEIs
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)	▸ Purpuric macules on face and trunk with <10% epidermal detachment, fever, stomatitis, ocular involvement	Antibiotics, acyclovir, alendronate, atazanavir, barbiturates, Bendamustine, β-lactam antibiotics, Brinzolamide, carbamazepine, Carvedilol, Celecoxib, chlorpropamide, co-trimoxazole, darunavir, escitalopram, gold, H2 antagonists, histamine, lamotrigine, leflunomide, macrolides, mefloquine, NSAIDs, olmesartan Medoxomil-Hydrochlorothiazide, phenothiazines, phenytoin, rifampicin, sitagliptin, Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, thiazides, ticlopidine
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)	▸ Similar to SJS but >30% epidermal detachment	Acyclovir, alendronate, allopurinol, atazanavir, barbiturates, Bendamustine, Brinzolamide, carbamazepine, Celecoxib, escitalopram, gold, griseofulvin, lamotrigine, leflunomide, nitrofurantoin, NSAIDs, olmesartan Medoxomil-Hydrochlorothiazide, penicillins, phenytoin, salicylates, sitagliptin, Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate, sulfonamides, tetracyclines

Organ-specific reactions	Clnical features	Implicated medications
Pulmonary	▸ Pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis	Nitrofurantoin, bleomycin, Cabergoline, Cetuximab, methotrexate
Hepatic	▸ Hepatitis, cholestasis	Para-aminosalicylic acid, Brinzolamide, Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate, sulfonamides, phenothiazines
Renal	▸ Interstitial nephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis	Penicillin, sulfonamides, gold, penicillamine, allopurinol
Hematologic	▸ Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia	▸ Hemolytic anemia — 5-Azacytidine, Acetophenazine, Aclarubicin, Actinomycin D, Albendazole, Alemtuzumab, Aminopyrine, Amitriptyline, Amodiaquine, Anakinra, Antipyrine, Azathioprine, Bevacizumab, Bortezomib, Captopril, Carbimazole, Caspofungin, Chloramphenicol, Chlorpromazine, Cidofovir, Cilazapril, Clofarabine, Clozapine, Deferiprone, Desipramine, Docetaxel, Dothiepin, Doxorubicin, Eflornithine, Ethosuximide, Ethotoin, Flucytosine, Fludarabine, Ganciclovir, Gemcitabine, Gold salts, Hydroxycarbamide, Hypersplenism, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Idarubicin, Imatinib mesylate, Interferon alpha, Interferon beta, Irinotecan, Isoniazid, Levomepromazine, Mercaptopurine, Methimazole, Mirtazapine, Mitoxantrone, Nortriptyline, Paclitaxel, Penicillamine, Pentamidine, Pentostatin, Perazine, Phenylbutazone, Phenytoin, Pipothiazine, Procainamide, Propylthiouracil, Pyrimethamine, Quinidine, Remoxipride, Riluzole, Stiripentol, Sulfasalazine, Sulphonamides, Ticlopidine, Topotecan, Trastuzumab, Trimetrexate, Valganciclovir, Zidovudine, Zileuton ▸ Thrombocytopenia — Aldesleukin, Amobarbital, Amrinone, Capreomycin, Carboplatin, Cefotaxime, Cefotetan, Cefoxitin, Ceftizoxime, Chloramphenicol, Chlorpropamide, Cinoxacin, Claforan, Diabinese, Estrogens, Ethanol, Exna, Paraplatin, Phenylbutazone, Procainamide, Proleukin, Secobarbital, Sulfonamides, Thiazides, Tuinal ▸ Granulocytopenia — Benzthiazide, Bortezomib, Brinzolamide, Bumetanide, Capecitabine, Captopril, Ceftazidime, Celecoxib, Chlorpropamide, Dapsone, Diabinese, Exna, Fortaz, Penicillin, quinine, salicylate, Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate, sulfonamides

Multiorgan reactions	Clnical features	Implicated medications
Anaphylaxis	▸ Urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypotension	β-lactam antibiotics, Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Bivalirudin, Bortezomib, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone Hydrochloride, monoclonal antibodies, adalimumab, Benazepril, Bendamustine, Captopril, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Celecoxib, epoetin alfa, Exenatide, Ibandronic acid, Insulin glargine, Interferon beta-1b, Nebivolol, Olmesartan, tinzaparin, triamterene, urokinase
Systemic lupus erythematosus	▸ Arthralgia, myalgias, fever, malaise	Hydralazine, procainamide, isoniazid
Vasculitis	▸ Cutaneous or visceral vasculitis	Allopurinol, aspirin, β-lactam antibiotics, carbamazepine, carbimazole, co-trimoxazole, diltiazem, erythromycin, furosemide, gold, G-CSF, GM-CSF, hydralazine, interferons, methotrexate, minocycline, NSAIDs, penicillamine, propylthiouracil, retinoids, sulfasalazine, sulfonamides, thiazides, thrombolytics
Serum sickness	▸ Urticaria, arthralgia, fever	Heterologous antibodies, infliximab
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)	▸ Cutaneous eruption, fever, eosinophilia, hepatic dysfunction, lymphadenopathy	Allopurinol, anticonvulsants, atazanavir, minocycline, sulfonamides

References

↑ Khan, David A. (2010-02). "Drug allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2 Suppl 2): –126-137. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.028. ISSN 1097-6825. PMID 20176256. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Lee, Anne (2006). Adverse drug reactions. London Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 0853696012.

[1] Khan, David A. (2010-02). "Drug allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2 Suppl 2): –126-137. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.028. ISSN 1097-6825. PMID 20176256. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)

[2] Lee, Anne (2006). Adverse drug reactions. London Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 0853696012.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abciximab]], [[Acetazolamide]], [[Albuterol]], [[Allopurinol]],  [[Amifostine]],  [[Barbiturates]],  [[Benazepril]], [[Bendamustine]],[[Benoxaprofen]],  [[Betaxolol]], [[Bisoprolol]], [[Brentuximab vedotin]], [[Brinzolamide]],  [[Budesonide And Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate]], [[Bumetanide]], [[Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone Hydrochloride]], [[Cabergoline]], [[Captopril]], [[Carbamazepine]], [[Carteolol]], [[Carvedilol]], [[Cefdinir]], [[Celecoxib]], [[Cephalosporins]], [[Cetuximab]],  [[Chlorambucil]],  [[Chlormezanone]],  [[Chlorothiazide]], [[Chlorthalidone]], [[Clindamycin]],  [[Codeine]],  [[Diclofenac]],  [[Diltiazem]],  [[Doxycycline Hyclate]], [[Erlotinib]],  [[Ethotoin]],  [[Etravirine]], [[Exenatide]], [[Everolimus]],  [[Fluticasone/salmeterol]],  [[Fosamprenavir]],  [[Gold]],  [[Ibandronic acid]], [[Ibritumomab tiuxetan]],  [[Interferon beta-1b]], [[Ipilimumab]],  [[Insulin]],  [[Isoniazid]],  [[Lamotrigine]],  [[Leflunomide]],  [[Lenalidomide]],  [[Methyldopa]],  [[Methylphenidate]],  [[Nebivolol]], [[Nevirapine]],  [[NSAIDs]],  [[Penicillamine]],  [[Phenacetin]],  [[Phenobarbitol]],  [[Phenylbutazone]],  [[Phenytoin]],  [[Primidone]],  [[Procainamide]],  [[Quinidine]],  [[Sorafenib]],  [[Streptomycin]],  [[Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate]], [[Sulfasalazine]],  [[Sulfonamide]],  [[Sulfonylurea]],  [[Suramin]],  [[Terbinafine]],  [[Tetracycline]],  [[Thiabendazole]],  [[Thioacetazone]],  [[Vancomycin]],  [[Vandetanib]],  [[Zonisamide]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abciximab]], [[Acetazolamide]], [[Allopurinol]],  [[Amifostine]],  [[Barbiturates]],  [[Benazepril]], [[Bendamustine]],[[Benoxaprofen]],  [[Betaxolol]], [[Bisoprolol]], [[Brentuximab vedotin]], [[Brinzolamide]],  [[Budesonide And Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate]], [[Bumetanide]], [[Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone Hydrochloride]], [[Cabergoline]], [[Captopril]], [[Carbamazepine]], [[Carteolol]], [[Carvedilol]], [[Cefdinir]], [[Celecoxib]], [[Cephalosporins]], [[Cetuximab]],  [[Chlorambucil]],  [[Chlormezanone]],  [[Chlorothiazide]], [[Chlorthalidone]], [[Clindamycin]],  [[Codeine]],  [[Diclofenac]],  [[Diltiazem]],  [[Doxycycline Hyclate]], [[Erlotinib]],  [[Ethotoin]],  [[Etravirine]], [[Exenatide]],   [[Fosamprenavir]],  [[Gold]],  [[Ibandronic acid]], [[Ibritumomab tiuxetan]],  [[Interferon beta-1b]], [[Ipilimumab]],  [[Insulin]],  [[Isoniazid]],  [[Lamotrigine]],  [[Leflunomide]],  [[Lenalidomide]],  [[Methyldopa]],  [[Methylphenidate]],  [[Nebivolol]], [[Nevirapine]],  [[NSAIDs]],  [[Penicillamine]],  [[Phenacetin]],  [[Phenobarbitol]],  [[Phenylbutazone]],  [[Phenytoin]],  [[Primidone]],  [[Procainamide]],  [[Quinidine]],  [[Sorafenib]],  [[Streptomycin]],  [[Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate]], [[Sulfasalazine]],  [[Sulfonamide]],  [[Sulfonylurea]],  [[Suramin]],  [[Terbinafine]],  [[Tetracycline]],  [[Thiabendazole]],  [[Thioacetazone]],  [[Vancomycin]],  [[Vandetanib]],  [[Zonisamide]]
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 * [[Acetazolamide]]
-* [[Albuterol]]
 * [[Allopurinol]]
 * [[Amifostine]]
@@ Line 176: / Line 175: @@
 * [[Ethotoin]]
 * [[Etravirine]]
-* [[Everolimus]]
 * [[Exenatide]]
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
-* [[Fluticasone/salmeterol]]
 * [[Fosamprenavir]]
 * [[Gold]]
@@ Line 229: / Line 226: @@
 {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 80%;" align=center
-! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Cutaneous reactions}}
+! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; width: 20%;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Cutaneous reactions}}
-! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Clnical features}}
+! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; width: 30%;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Clnical features}}
-! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Implicated medications}}
+! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; width: 50%;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Implicated medications}}
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Exanthems
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Delayed-type hypersensitivity <BR> Evolve over days after drug initiation <BR> Diffuse macules and papules
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Delayed-type hypersensitivity <BR> ▸ Evolve over days after drug initiation <BR> ▸ Diffuse macules and papules
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Allopurinol]], [[amphotericin]], [[barbiturates]], [[captopril]], [[carbamazepine]], [[cephalosporins]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[erythromycin]], [[furosemide]], [[gentamicin]], [[gold salts]], [[lithium]], [[nalidixic acid]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[penicillins]], [[phenothiazines]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[phenytoin]], [[sulfonamides]], [[thiazides]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Urticaria/ angioedema
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Often IgE mediated <BR> Onset within minutes of drug initiation
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Often IgE mediated <BR> ▸ Onset within minutes of drug initiation
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Abatacept]], [[ACE inhibitors]], [[Acyclovir]], [[adalimumab]], [[alendronate]], [[alteplase]], [[aminosalicylic acid]], [[anticonvulsants]], [[aspirin]], [[atomoxetine]], [[atropine]], [[Benazepril]], [[Budesonide And Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate]], [[Captopril]], [[Carvedilol]], [[Celecoxib]], [[cephalosporins]], [[eszopiclone]], [[Exenatide]], [[desvenlafaxine]], [[dextran]], [[darunavir]], [[Everolimus]], [[Fluticasone/salmeterol]], [[ipratropium bromide]], [[hydralazine]], [[monoclonal antibodies]], [[NSAIDs]], [[opioids]], [[penicillins]], [[pentamidine]], [[quinine]], [[sitagliptin]], [[sulfonamides]], [[tetracyclines]], [[tenofovir]], [[thiouracil]], [[ticlopidine]], [[tubocurarine]], [[ustekinumab]], [[vancomycin]], [[zolpidem]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Abatacept]], [[ACE inhibitors]], [[Acyclovir]], [[adalimumab]], [[alendronate]], [[alteplase]], [[aminosalicylic acid]], [[anticonvulsants]], [[aspirin]], [[atomoxetine]], [[atropine]], [[Benazepril]], [[Budesonide And Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate]], [[Captopril]], [[Carvedilol]], [[Celecoxib]], [[cephalosporins]], [[eszopiclone]], [[Exenatide]], [[desvenlafaxine]], [[dextran]], [[darunavir]], [[ipratropium bromide]], [[hydralazine]], [[monoclonal antibodies]], [[NSAIDs]], [[opioids]], [[penicillins]], [[pentamidine]], [[quinine]], [[sitagliptin]], [[sulfonamides]], [[tetracyclines]], [[tenofovir]], [[thiouracil]], [[ticlopidine]], [[tubocurarine]], [[ustekinumab]], [[vancomycin]], [[zolpidem]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Fixed drug eruption
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Hyperpigmented plaques that recur at same skin or mucosal site
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Hyperpigmented plaques that recur at same skin or mucosal site
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[ACE inhibitors]], [[adalimumab]], [[allopurinol]], [[amlodipine]], [[aspirin]], [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[carbamazepine]], [[cephalosporins]], [[clindamycin]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[diltiazem]], [[fluconazole]], [[lamotrigine]], [[lansoprazole]], [[metronidazole]], [[NSAIDs]], [[paclitaxel]], [[paracetamol]], [[penicillin]], [[phenolphthalein]][[omeprazole]], [[quinine]], [[salicylates]], [[sulfonamides]], [[terbinafine]], [[tetracyclines]], [[trimethoprim]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[ACE inhibitors]], [[adalimumab]], [[allopurinol]], [[amlodipine]], [[aspirin]], [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[carbamazepine]], [[cephalosporins]], [[clindamycin]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[diltiazem]], [[fluconazole]], [[lamotrigine]], [[lansoprazole]], [[metronidazole]], [[NSAIDs]], [[paclitaxel]], [[paracetamol]], [[penicillin]], [[phenolphthalein]], [[omeprazole]], [[quinine]], [[salicylates]], [[sulfonamides]], [[terbinafine]], [[tetracyclines]], [[trimethoprim]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Pustules
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Acute generalized eczematous pustulosis (AGEP) <BR> Acneiform
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Acute generalized eczematous pustulosis or acneiform rash
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | AGEP: [[antibiotics]], [[calcium-channel blockers]] <BR> Acneiform: [[corticosteroids]], [[sirolimus]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top |  [[antibiotics]], [[calcium-channel blockers]], [[corticosteroids]], [[sirolimus]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Bullous
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Flaccid blisters <BR> Tense blisters
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Flaccid or tense blisters
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Flaccid blisters: [[captopril]], [[penicillamine]] <BR> Tense blisters: [[furosemide]], [[vancomycin]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top |  [[Captopril]], [[penicillamine]], [[furosemide]], [[vancomycin]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Cutaneous lupus erythematosus
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Erythematous/scaly plaques in photodistribution
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top |  ▸ Erythematous/scaly plaques in photodistribution
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[calcium-channel blockers]], [[ACEIs]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Purpuric macules on face and trunk with &lt;10% epidermal detachment, fever, stomatitis, ocular involvement
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Purpuric macules on face and trunk with &lt;10% epidermal detachment, fever, stomatitis, ocular involvement
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Antibiotics]], [[acyclovir]], [[alendronate]], [[atazanavir]], [[barbiturates]], [[Bendamustine]], [[Beta-lactam|β-lactam antibiotics]], [[Brinzolamide]], [[carbamazepine]], [[Carvedilol]], [[Celecoxib]], [[chlorpropamide]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[darunavir]], [[escitalopram]], [[gold]], [[H2 blockers]], [[histamine]], [[lamotrigine]], [[leflunomide]], [[macrolides]], [[mefloquine]], [[NSAIDs]], [[olmesartan Medoxomil-Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[phenothiazines]], [[phenytoin]], [[rifampicin]], [[sitagliptin]], [[Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate]], [[sulfonamides]], [[tetracyclines]], [[thiazides]], [[ticlopidine]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Antibiotics]], [[acyclovir]], [[alendronate]], [[atazanavir]], [[barbiturates]], [[Bendamustine]], [[Beta-lactam|β-lactam antibiotics]], [[Brinzolamide]], [[carbamazepine]], [[Carvedilol]], [[Celecoxib]], [[chlorpropamide]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[darunavir]], [[escitalopram]], [[gold]], [[H2 antagonist]]s, [[histamine]], [[lamotrigine]], [[leflunomide]], [[macrolides]], [[mefloquine]], [[NSAIDs]], [[olmesartan Medoxomil-Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[phenothiazines]], [[phenytoin]], [[rifampicin]], [[sitagliptin]], [[Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate]], [[sulfonamides]], [[tetracyclines]], [[thiazides]], [[ticlopidine]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Similar to SJS but >30% epidermal detachment
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Similar to SJS but >30% epidermal detachment
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Acyclovir]], [[alendronate]], [[allopurinol]], [[atazanavir]], [[barbiturates]], [[Bendamustine]], [[Brinzolamide]], [[carbamazepine]], [[Celecoxib]], [[escitalopram]], [[gold]], [[griseofulvin]], [[lamotrigine]], [[leflunomide]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[NSAIDs]], [[olmesartan Medoxomil-Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[penicillins]], [[phenytoin]], [[salicylates]], [[sitagliptin]], [[Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate]], [[sulfonamides]], [[tetracyclines]]
 |}
@@ Line 268: / Line 265: @@
 {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 80%;" align=center
-! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Organ-specific reactions}}
+! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; width: 20%;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Organ-specific reactions}}
-! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Clnical features}}
+! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; width: 30%;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Clnical features}}
-! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Implicated medications}}
+! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; width: 50%;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Implicated medications}}
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Pulmonary
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[bleomycin]], [[Cabergoline]], [[Cetuximab]], [[methotrexate]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Hepatic
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Hepatitis, cholestasis
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Hepatitis, cholestasis
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Aminosalicylic acid|Para-aminosalicylic acid]], [[Brinzolamide]], [[Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate]], [[sulfonamides]], [[phenothiazines]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Renal
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Interstitial nephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Interstitial nephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Penicillin]], [[sulfonamides]], [[gold]], [[penicillamine]], [[allopurinol]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Hematologic
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Bortezomib]], [[Brinzolamide]], [[Bumetanide]], [[Capecitabine]], [[Captopril]], [[Celecoxib]], [[Penicillin]], [[quinine]], [[Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate]], [[sulfonamides]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top |
+▸ Hemolytic anemia — [[5-Azacytidine]],  [[Acetophenazine]],  [[Aclarubicin]],  [[Actinomycin D]],  [[Albendazole]],  [[Alemtuzumab]],  [[Aminopyrine]],  [[Amitriptyline]],  [[Amodiaquine]],  [[Anakinra]],  [[Antipyrine]],  [[Azathioprine]],  [[Bevacizumab]],  [[Bortezomib]],  [[Captopril]],  [[Carbimazole]],  [[Caspofungin]],  [[Chloramphenicol]],  [[Chlorpromazine]],  [[Cidofovir]],  [[Cilazapril]],  [[Clofarabine]],  [[Clozapine]],  [[Deferiprone]],  [[Desipramine]],  [[Docetaxel]],  [[Dothiepin]],  [[Doxorubicin]],  [[Eflornithine]],  [[Ethosuximide]],  [[Ethotoin]],  [[Flucytosine]],  [[Fludarabine]],  [[Ganciclovir]],  [[Gemcitabine]],  [[Gold salts]],  [[Hydroxycarbamide]],  [[Hypersplenism]],  [[Ibritumomab tiuxetan]],  [[Idarubicin]],  [[Imatinib mesylate]],  [[Interferon alpha]],  [[Interferon beta]],  [[Irinotecan]],  [[Isoniazid]],  [[Levomepromazine]],  [[Mercaptopurine]],  [[Methimazole]],  [[Mirtazapine]],  [[Mitoxantrone]],  [[Nortriptyline]],  [[Paclitaxel]],  [[Penicillamine]],  [[Pentamidine]],  [[Pentostatin]],  [[Perazine]],  [[Phenylbutazone]],  [[Phenytoin]],  [[Pipothiazine]],  [[Procainamide]],  [[Propylthiouracil]],  [[Pyrimethamine]],  [[Quinidine]],  [[Remoxipride]],  [[Riluzole]],  [[Stiripentol]],  [[Sulfasalazine]],  [[Sulphonamides]],  [[Ticlopidine]],  [[Topotecan]],  [[Trastuzumab]],  [[Trimetrexate]],  [[Valganciclovir]],  [[Zidovudine]],  [[Zileuton]]
+▸ Thrombocytopenia — [[Aldesleukin]],  [[Amobarbital]],  [[Amrinone]],  [[Capreomycin]],  [[Carboplatin]],  [[Cefotaxime]],  [[Cefotetan]],  [[Cefoxitin]],  [[Ceftizoxime]],  [[Chloramphenicol]],  [[Chlorpropamide]], [[Cinoxacin]],  [[Claforan]],  [[Diabinese]],  [[Estrogens]],  [[Ethanol]],  [[Exna]],  [[Paraplatin]],  [[Phenylbutazone]],  [[Procainamide]],  [[Proleukin]], [[Secobarbital]],  [[Sulfonamides]],  [[Thiazides]],  [[Tuinal]]
+▸ Granulocytopenia — [[Benzthiazide]],  [[Bortezomib]],  [[Brinzolamide]],  [[Bumetanide]],  [[Capecitabine]],  [[Captopril]],  [[Ceftazidime]],  [[Celecoxib]],  [[Chlorpropamide]],  [[Dapsone]],  [[Diabinese]],  [[Exna]],  [[Fortaz]],  [[Penicillin]],  [[quinine]],  [[salicylate]],  [[Sulfacetamide sodium And Prednisolone acetate]],  [[sulfonamides]]
 |}
 {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;  width: 80%;" align=center
-| style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Multiorgan reactions}}
+| style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; width: 20%;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Multiorgan reactions}}
-! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Clnical features}}
+! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; width: 30%;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Clnical features}}
-! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Implicated medications}}
+! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px; width: 50%;" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Implicated medications}}
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Anaphylaxis
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypotension
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypotension
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Beta-lactam|β-lactam antibiotics]], [[Betaxolol]], [[Bisoprolol]], [[Bivalirudin]], [[Bortezomib]], [[Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone Hydrochloride]], [[monoclonal antibodies]], [[adalimumab]], [[Benazepril]], [[Bendamustine]], [[Captopril]], [[Carteolol]], [[Carvedilol]], [[Celecoxib]], [[epoetin alfa]], [[Exenatide]], [[Everolimus]], [[Fluticasone/salmeterol]], [[Ibandronic acid]], [[Insulin glargine]], [[Interferon beta-1b]], [[Nebivolol]], [[Olmesartan]], [[tinzaparin]], [[triamterene]], [[urokinase]]
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Beta-lactam|β-lactam antibiotics]], [[Betaxolol]], [[Bisoprolol]], [[Bivalirudin]], [[Bortezomib]], [[Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone Hydrochloride]], [[monoclonal antibodies]], [[adalimumab]], [[Benazepril]], [[Bendamustine]], [[Captopril]], [[Carteolol]], [[Carvedilol]], [[Celecoxib]], [[epoetin alfa]], [[Exenatide]], [[Ibandronic acid]], [[Insulin glargine]], [[Interferon beta-1b]], [[Nebivolol]], [[Olmesartan]], [[tinzaparin]], [[triamterene]], [[urokinase]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Systemic lupus erythematosus
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Arthralgia, myalgias, fever, malaise
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Arthralgia, myalgias, fever, malaise
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Hydralazine]], [[procainamide]], [[isoniazid]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Vasculitis
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Cutaneous or visceral vasculitis
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Cutaneous or visceral vasculitis
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Allopurinol]], [[aspirin]], [[Beta-lactam|β-lactam antibiotics]], [[carbamazepine]], [[carbimazole]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[diltiazem]], [[erythromycin]], [[furosemide]], [[gold]], [[G-CSF]], [[GM-CSF]], [[hydralazine]], [[interferons]], [[methotrexate]], [[minocycline]], [[NSAIDs]], [[penicillamine]], [[propylthiouracil]], [[retinoids]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulfonamides]], [[thiazides]], [[thrombolytics]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Serum sickness
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Urticaria, arthralgia, fever
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Urticaria, arthralgia, fever
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | [[Heterologous]] [[antibodies]], [[infliximab]]
 |-
 | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px 5px; font-weight: bold;" valign=top | Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | Cutaneous eruption, fever, eosinophilia, hepatic dysfunction, lymphadenopathy
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top | ▸ Cutaneous eruption, fever, eosinophilia, hepatic dysfunction, lymphadenopathy
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px 5px;" valign=top |  [[Allopurinol]], [[anticonvulsant]]s, [[atazanavir]], [[minocycline]], [[sulfonamide]]s
 |}