Myocarditis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{MultiCol}}
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Actinomycosis]]
* [[Actinomycosis]]
* [[rheumatic fever|Acute rheumatic fever]]
* [[Adenovirus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16172268">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, Lassner D, Noutsias M, Poller W et al.| title=Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 13 | pages= 1965-70 | pmid=16172268 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16172268  }} </ref>
* [[Adenovirus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16172268">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, Lassner D, Noutsias M, Poller W et al.| title=Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 13 | pages= 1965-70 | pmid=16172268 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16172268  }} </ref>
* [[Adrenergic myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid21223554">{{cite journal| author=Roghi A, Pedrotti P, Milazzo A, Bonacina E, Bucciarelli-Ducci C| title=Adrenergic myocarditis in pheochromocytoma. | journal=J Cardiovasc Magn Reson | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 4 | pmid=21223554 | doi=10.1186/1532-429X-13-4 | pmc=PMC3025878 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21223554  }} </ref>
* [[Adrenergic myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid21223554">{{cite journal| author=Roghi A, Pedrotti P, Milazzo A, Bonacina E, Bucciarelli-Ducci C| title=Adrenergic myocarditis in pheochromocytoma. | journal=J Cardiovasc Magn Reson | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 4 | pmid=21223554 | doi=10.1186/1532-429X-13-4 | pmc=PMC3025878 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21223554  }} </ref>
*[[Amphetamines]]
* [[African trypanosomiasis]]
* [[Alcohol]]
* [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]]
* [[Alveolar hydatid disease]]
* [[Amebiasis]]
* [[Amphetamines]]
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Anthracyclines]]
* [[Arbovirus]]
* [[Arbovirus]]
* [[arsenic|Arsenic poisoning]]
* [[arsenic|Arsenic poisoning]]
* [[Arsenic trioxide]]
* [[Arsenicals]]
* [[Ascariasis]]
* [[Aspergillosis]]
* [[Aspergillosis]]
* [[Azithromycin]]<ref name="pmid19189924">{{cite journal| author=Pursnani A, Yee H, Slater W, Sarswat N| title=Hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with azithromycin exposure. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2009 | volume= 150 | issue= 3 | pages= 225-6 | pmid=19189924 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19189924  }} </ref>
* [[Azithromycin]]<ref name="pmid19189924">{{cite journal| author=Pursnani A, Yee H, Slater W, Sarswat N| title=Hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with azithromycin exposure. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2009 | volume= 150 | issue= 3 | pages= 225-6 | pmid=19189924 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19189924  }} </ref>
* [[Balantidiasis]]
* [[Balantidiasis]]
*[[Benzodiazepines]]
* [[Bartonella]]
* [[Benzodiazepines]]
* [[Black widow spider envenomation]]
* [[Blastomycosis]]
* [[Blastomycosis]]
* [[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
* [[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
* [[Brucellosis]]
* [[Brucellosis]]
* [[Candida albicans]]
* [[Candidiasis]]
* [[Candidiasis]]
*[[Carbamazepine]]
*[[Carbamazepine]]
* [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
* [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
* [[Catecholamines]]
* [[Celiac disease]]<ref name="pmid12045166">{{cite journal| author=Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Fioravanti G, Gentiloni N et al.| title=Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2002 | volume= 105 | issue= 22 | pages= 2611-8 | pmid=12045166 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
* [[Celiac disease]]<ref name="pmid12045166">{{cite journal| author=Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Fioravanti G, Gentiloni N et al.| title=Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2002 | volume= 105 | issue= 22 | pages= 2611-8 | pmid=12045166 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
* [[Cephalosporins]]
* [[Cerubidine]]
* [[Chagas disease]]
* [[Chagas disease]]
*[[Chloramphenicol]]
* [[Chlamydia]]
* [[Chloramphenicol]]
* [[Cholera]]
* [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
* [[Clostridia]]
* [[Clostridia]]
*[[Clozapine]]<ref name="pmid17194170">{{cite journal| author=Haas SJ, Hill R, Krum H, Liew D, Tonkin A, Demos L et al.| title=Clozapine-associated myocarditis: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis associated with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993-2003. | journal=Drug Saf | year= 2007 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-57 | pmid=17194170 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17194170  }} </ref>
* [[Clozapine]]<ref name="pmid17194170">{{cite journal| author=Haas SJ, Hill R, Krum H, Liew D, Tonkin A, Demos L et al.| title=Clozapine-associated myocarditis: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis associated with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993-2003. | journal=Drug Saf | year= 2007 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-57 | pmid=17194170 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17194170  }} </ref>
*[[Cocaine]]
* [[Cobalt]]
* [[Cocaine]]
* [[Coccidioidomycosis]]
* [[Coccidioidomycosis]]
* [[Copper]]
* [[Coxsackie B]]<ref name="pmid1558005">{{cite journal| author=Rose NR, Neumann DA, Herskowitz A| title=Coxsackievirus myocarditis. | journal=Adv Intern Med | year= 1992 | volume= 37 | issue=  | pages= 411-29 | pmid=1558005 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid4887187">{{cite journal| author=Grist NR, Bell EJ| title=Coxsackie viruses and the heart. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1969 | volume= 77 | issue= 3 | pages= 295-300 | pmid=4887187 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
* [[Coxsackie B]]<ref name="pmid1558005">{{cite journal| author=Rose NR, Neumann DA, Herskowitz A| title=Coxsackievirus myocarditis. | journal=Adv Intern Med | year= 1992 | volume= 37 | issue=  | pages= 411-29 | pmid=1558005 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid4887187">{{cite journal| author=Grist NR, Bell EJ| title=Coxsackie viruses and the heart. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1969 | volume= 77 | issue= 3 | pages= 295-300 | pmid=4887187 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
* [[Crohn disease]]
* [[Crohn's disease]]
* [[Cryptococcosis]]
* [[Cryptococcosis]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
* [[Cryptococcus neoformans]]
* [[Cyclophosphamide]]
* [[Cysticercosis]]
* [[Cysticercosis]]
* [[Cytomegalovirus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2983175">{{cite journal| author=Cohen JI, Corey GR| title=Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1985 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-14 | pmid=2983175 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
* [[Cytomegalovirus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2983175">{{cite journal| author=Cohen JI, Corey GR| title=Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1985 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-14 | pmid=2983175 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
* [[Daunorubicin]]
* [[Dengue]]
* [[Diphtheria]]
* [[Diphtheria]]
*[[Dobutamine]]<ref name="pmid7578186">{{cite journal| author=Spear GS| title=Eosinophilic explant carditis with eosinophilia: ?Hypersensitivity to dobutamine infusion. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 1995 | volume= 14 | issue= 4 | pages= 755-60 | pmid=7578186 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid15090985">{{cite journal| author=Johnson MR| title=Eosinophilic myocarditis in the explanted hearts of cardiac transplant recipients: Interesting pathologic finding or pathophysiologic entity of clinical significance? | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2004 | volume= 32 | issue= 3 | pages= 888-90 | pmid=15090985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15090985  }} </ref>
* [[Dobutamine]]<ref name="pmid7578186">{{cite journal| author=Spear GS| title=Eosinophilic explant carditis with eosinophilia: ?Hypersensitivity to dobutamine infusion. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 1995 | volume= 14 | issue= 4 | pages= 755-60 | pmid=7578186 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid15090985">{{cite journal| author=Johnson MR| title=Eosinophilic myocarditis in the explanted hearts of cardiac transplant recipients: Interesting pathologic finding or pathophysiologic entity of clinical significance? | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2004 | volume= 32 | issue= 3 | pages= 888-90 | pmid=15090985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15090985  }} </ref>
*[[Doxorubicin]]
* [[Doxorubicin]]
* [[Dressler syndrome]]
* [[Dressler syndrome]]
* [[Drug allergy]]<ref name="pmid4010343">{{cite journal| author=Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT| title=Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1985 | volume= 60 | issue= 7 | pages= 463-8 | pmid=4010343 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid19440116">{{cite journal| author=Ben m'rad M, Leclerc-Mercier S, Blanche P, Franck N, Rozenberg F, Fulla Y et al.| title=Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical and biologic disease patterns in 24 patients. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2009 | volume= 88 | issue= 3 | pages= 131-40 | pmid=19440116 | doi=10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a4d1a1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19440116  }} </ref>
* [[Drug allergy]]<ref name="pmid4010343">{{cite journal| author=Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT| title=Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1985 | volume= 60 | issue= 7 | pages= 463-8 | pmid=4010343 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid19440116">{{cite journal| author=Ben m'rad M, Leclerc-Mercier S, Blanche P, Franck N, Rozenberg F, Fulla Y et al.| title=Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical and biologic disease patterns in 24 patients. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2009 | volume= 88 | issue= 3 | pages= 131-40 | pmid=19440116 | doi=10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a4d1a1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19440116  }} </ref>
Line 185: Line 207:
* [[Echovirus]]
* [[Echovirus]]
* [[Enterovirus]]
* [[Enterovirus]]
* [[Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome]]
* [[Epstein-Barr virus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15557377">{{cite journal| author=Chimenti C, Russo A, Pieroni M, Calabrese F, Verardo R, Thiene G et al.| title=Intramyocyte detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome by laser capture microdissection in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 110 | issue= 23 | pages= 3534-9 | pmid=15557377 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000148823.08092.0E | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15557377  }} </ref>
* [[Epstein-Barr virus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15557377">{{cite journal| author=Chimenti C, Russo A, Pieroni M, Calabrese F, Verardo R, Thiene G et al.| title=Intramyocyte detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome by laser capture microdissection in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 110 | issue= 23 | pages= 3534-9 | pmid=15557377 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000148823.08092.0E | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15557377  }} </ref>
* [[Filariasis]]
* [[Filariasis]]

Revision as of 14:28, 29 September 2014

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. Idiopathic myocarditis is the most common type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection[1].

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute rheumatic fever, Dressler syndrome, adrenergic myocarditis
Chemical / poisoning Arsenic, Carbon monoxide, Lead
Dermatologic Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus
Drug Side Effect Amphetamines, Benzodiazepines, Carbamazepine, Chloramphenicol, Clozapine, Cocaine, Cyclophosphamide, Dobutamine, Methyldopa, Penicillin, Phenytoin, Spironolactone, Streptomycin, Sulfonamides, Tricyclic antidepressants
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Thyrotoxicosis, pheochromocytoma
Environmental Heatstroke, Scorpion stings, Snake bites, bites from black widow spider, wasp venom, Tick paralysis
Gastroenterologic Celiac disease, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis
Genetic Hemochromatosis, Friedreich ataxia
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic
Infectious Disease

Viral: The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection[1]. Common virus associated with myocarditis are- Adenovirus[4][5], Arbovirus, Coxsackie B[6][7], Cytomegalovirus[4][8], Echovirus, Enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus[4][9], Herpes simplex virus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C[10], HIV, Influenza[4], Mumps, Parvovirus B19[4][11][12], Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rubeola, Varicella, Variola/vaccinia[13], Viral hepatitis, Yellow fever virus

Bacterial: Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucellosis, Clostridia, Diphtheria, Melioidosis, Meningococci, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Psittacosis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Tuberculosis

Fungal: Actinomycosis, Aspergillosis, Blastomycosis, Candidiasis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Mucormycosis

Parasitic: Balantidiasis, Chagas disease, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Filariasis, Heterophyiasis, Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Sarcosporidiosis, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Trichinosis, Trypanosomiasis, Visceral larva migrans

Rickettsial: Q fever, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Scrub typhus, Typhus fever

Spirochetal: leptospirosis, Lyme disease, relapsing fever, borrelia, syphilis

Musculoskeletal / Ortho Rheumatoid arthritis
Neurologic Friedreich ataxia
Nutritional / Metabolic Amyloidosis, hemochromatosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Oncologic Pheochromocytoma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Doxorubicin, radiotherapy
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Aspergillosis, sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Crohn disease, Dressler syndrome, giant cell myocarditis, Kawasaki disease, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyrotoxicosis, ulcerative colitis, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Heat stroke, hyperthermia

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D; et al. (2005). "High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction". Circulation. 111 (7): 887–93. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35. PMID 15699250.
  2. ↑ Marques N, Gan VC, Leo YS (2013). "Dengue myocarditis in Singapore: two case reports". Infection. 41 (3): 709–14. doi:10.1007/s15010-012-0392-9. PMID 23277366.
  3. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2013). "Three sudden cardiac deaths associated with Lyme carditis - United States, November 2012-July 2013". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 62 (49): 993–6. PMID 24336130.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R; et al. (2003). "Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults". J Am Coll Cardiol. 42 (3): 466–72. PMID 12906974.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, Lassner D, Noutsias M, Poller W; et al. (2005). "Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction". Circulation. 112 (13): 1965–70. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156. PMID 16172268.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Rose NR, Neumann DA, Herskowitz A (1992). "Coxsackievirus myocarditis". Adv Intern Med. 37: 411–29. PMID 1558005.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Grist NR, Bell EJ (1969). "Coxsackie viruses and the heart". Am Heart J. 77 (3): 295–300. PMID 4887187.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cohen JI, Corey GR (1985). "Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host". Medicine (Baltimore). 64 (2): 100–14. PMID 2983175.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chimenti C, Russo A, Pieroni M, Calabrese F, Verardo R, Thiene G; et al. (2004). "Intramyocyte detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome by laser capture microdissection in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy". Circulation. 110 (23): 3534–9. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000148823.08092.0E. PMID 15557377.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Matsumori A, Yutani C, Ikeda Y, Kawai S, Sasayama S (2000). "Hepatitis C virus from the hearts of patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy". Lab Invest. 80 (7): 1137–42. PMID 10908160.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Breinholt JP, Moulik M, Dreyer WJ, Denfield SW, Kim JJ, Jefferies JL; et al. (2010). "Viral epidemiologic shift in inflammatory heart disease: the increasing involvement of parvovirus B19 in the myocardium of pediatric cardiac transplant patients". J Heart Lung Transplant. 29 (7): 739–46. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2010.03.003. PMC 2902647. PMID 20456978.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Pankuweit S, Moll R, Baandrup U, Portig I, Hufnagel G, Maisch B (2003). "Prevalence of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsy specimens". Hum Pathol. 34 (5): 497–503. PMID 12792925.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cassimatis DC, Atwood JE, Engler RM, Linz PE, Grabenstein JD, Vernalis MN (2004). "Smallpox vaccination and myopericarditis: a clinical review". J Am Coll Cardiol. 43 (9): 1503–10. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.053. PMID 15120802.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Roghi A, Pedrotti P, Milazzo A, Bonacina E, Bucciarelli-Ducci C (2011). "Adrenergic myocarditis in pheochromocytoma". J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 13: 4. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-13-4. PMC 3025878. PMID 21223554.
  15. ↑ Pursnani A, Yee H, Slater W, Sarswat N (2009). "Hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with azithromycin exposure". Ann Intern Med. 150 (3): 225–6. PMID 19189924.
  16. ↑ Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Fioravanti G, Gentiloni N; et al. (2002). "Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis". Circulation. 105 (22): 2611–8. PMID 12045166.
  17. ↑ Haas SJ, Hill R, Krum H, Liew D, Tonkin A, Demos L; et al. (2007). "Clozapine-associated myocarditis: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis associated with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993-2003". Drug Saf. 30 (1): 47–57. PMID 17194170.
  18. ↑ Spear GS (1995). "Eosinophilic explant carditis with eosinophilia: ?Hypersensitivity to dobutamine infusion". J Heart Lung Transplant. 14 (4): 755–60. PMID 7578186.
  19. ↑ Johnson MR (2004). "Eosinophilic myocarditis in the explanted hearts of cardiac transplant recipients: Interesting pathologic finding or pathophysiologic entity of clinical significance?". Crit Care Med. 32 (3): 888–90. PMID 15090985.
  20. ↑ Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT (1985). "Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity". Mayo Clin Proc. 60 (7): 463–8. PMID 4010343.
  21. ↑ Ben m'rad M, Leclerc-Mercier S, Blanche P, Franck N, Rozenberg F, Fulla Y; et al. (2009). "Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical and biologic disease patterns in 24 patients". Medicine (Baltimore). 88 (3): 131–40. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a4d1a1. PMID 19440116.
  22. ↑ Cooper LT, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, Edwards WD, Starling RC, Deng MC; et al. (2008). "Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis". Am J Cardiol. 102 (11): 1535–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.041. PMC 2613862. PMID 19026310.

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