Low density lipoprotein risk factors: Difference between revisions
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*[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="Emet-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Emet | first1 = T. | last2 = Ustüner | first2 = I. | last3 = Güven | first3 = SG. | last4 = Balık | first4 = G. | last5 = Ural | first5 = UM. | last6 = Tekin | first6 = YB. | last7 = Sentürk | first7 = S. | last8 = Sahin | first8 = FK. | last9 = Avşar | first9 = AF. | title = Plasma lipids and lipoproteins during pregnancy and related pregnancy outcomes. | journal = Arch Gynecol Obstet | volume = 288 | issue = 1 | pages = 49-55 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s00404-013-2750-y | PMID = 23400357 }}</ref> | *[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="Emet-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Emet | first1 = T. | last2 = Ustüner | first2 = I. | last3 = Güven | first3 = SG. | last4 = Balık | first4 = G. | last5 = Ural | first5 = UM. | last6 = Tekin | first6 = YB. | last7 = Sentürk | first7 = S. | last8 = Sahin | first8 = FK. | last9 = Avşar | first9 = AF. | title = Plasma lipids and lipoproteins during pregnancy and related pregnancy outcomes. | journal = Arch Gynecol Obstet | volume = 288 | issue = 1 | pages = 49-55 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s00404-013-2750-y | PMID = 23400357 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Puberty]]: Puberty can predispose to both increase in LDL level and LDL particle size<ref name="Kaitosaari-2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kaitosaari | first1 = T. | last2 = Simell | first2 = O. | last3 = Viikari | first3 = J. | last4 = Raitakari | first4 = O. | last5 = Siltala | first5 = M. | last6 = Hakanen | first6 = M. | last7 = Leino | first7 = A. | last8 = Jokinen | first8 = E. | last9 = Rönnemaa | first9 = T. | title = Tracking and determinants of LDL particle size in healthy children from 7 to 11 years of age: the STRIP Study. | journal = Eur J Pediatr | volume = 168 | issue = 5 | pages = 531-9 | month = May | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s00431-008-0780-4 | PMID = 18604555 }}</ref><ref name="Chen-2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = TJ. | last2 = Ji | first2 = CY. | last3 = Hu | first3 = YH. | title = Genetic and environmental influences on serum lipids and the effects of puberty: a Chinese twin study. | journal = Acta Paediatr | volume = 98 | issue = 6 | pages = 1029-36 | month = Jun | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01257.x | PMID = 19292833 }}</ref> | *[[Puberty]]: Puberty can predispose to both increase in LDL level and LDL particle size.<ref name="Kaitosaari-2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kaitosaari | first1 = T. | last2 = Simell | first2 = O. | last3 = Viikari | first3 = J. | last4 = Raitakari | first4 = O. | last5 = Siltala | first5 = M. | last6 = Hakanen | first6 = M. | last7 = Leino | first7 = A. | last8 = Jokinen | first8 = E. | last9 = Rönnemaa | first9 = T. | title = Tracking and determinants of LDL particle size in healthy children from 7 to 11 years of age: the STRIP Study. | journal = Eur J Pediatr | volume = 168 | issue = 5 | pages = 531-9 | month = May | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s00431-008-0780-4 | PMID = 18604555 }}</ref><ref name="Chen-2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = TJ. | last2 = Ji | first2 = CY. | last3 = Hu | first3 = YH. | title = Genetic and environmental influences on serum lipids and the effects of puberty: a Chinese twin study. | journal = Acta Paediatr | volume = 98 | issue = 6 | pages = 1029-36 | month = Jun | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01257.x | PMID = 19292833 }}</ref> | ||
==Less Common Risk Factors== | ==Less Common Risk Factors== | ||
Revision as of 02:25, 28 September 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Risk factors for high LDL include genetic predisposition, aging, and unhealthy life style choices.
Common Risk Factors
Common risk factors for elevated LDL concentration include:
- Genetic predisposition and family: The genetic predisposition to elevated LDL most probably involves a polygenic mechanism and a variable penetrance.[1]
- Aging: Men who are 45 years or older and women who are 55 years or older are at increased risk of having high LDL levels.[2][3]
- Life style choices:[6]
- A diet high in trans fat and saturated fat
- Physical inactivity
- Smoking (especially in diabetics)
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Overweight or obesity[7]
Less Common Risk Factors
References
- ↑ Talmud, PJ.; Shah, S.; Whittall, R.; Futema, M.; Howard, P.; Cooper, JA.; Harrison, SC.; Li, K.; Drenos, F. (2013). "Use of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol gene score to distinguish patients with polygenic and monogenic familial hypercholesterolaemia: a case-control study". Lancet. 381 (9874): 1293–301. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62127-8. PMID 23433573. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Félix-Redondo, FJ.; Grau, M.; Fernández-Bergés, D. (2013). "Cholesterol and cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Facts and gaps". Aging Dis. 4 (3): 154–69. PMID 23730531. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Parini, P.; Angelin, B.; Rudling, M. (1999). "Cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in aging: reversal of hypercholesterolemia by growth hormone treatment in old rats". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 19 (4): 832–9. PMID 10195906. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Lee, JS.; Hayashi, K.; Mishra, G.; Yasui, T.; Kubota, T.; Mizunuma, H. (2013). "Independent association between age at natural menopause and hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus: Japan nurses' health study". J Atheroscler Thromb. 20 (2): 161–9. PMID 23079582. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Honjo, H.; Tanaka, K.; Urabe, M.; Naitoh, K.; Ogino, Y.; Yamamoto, T.; Okada, H. "Menopause and hyperlipidemia: pravastatin lowers lipid levels without decreasing endogenous estrogens". Clin Ther. 14 (5): 699–707. PMID 1345259.
- ↑ Magnussen, CG.; Thomson, R.; Cleland, VJ.; Ukoumunne, OC.; Dwyer, T.; Venn, A. (2011). "Factors affecting the stability of blood lipid and lipoprotein levels from youth to adulthood: evidence from the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 165 (1): 68–76. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.246. PMID 21199983. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kesaniemi, YA.; Grundy, SM. "Increased low density lipoprotein production associated with obesity". Arteriosclerosis. 3 (2): 170–7. PMID 6838434.
- ↑ Harris, MI. (2008). "Hypercholesterolemia in diabetes and glucose intolerance in the U.S. population". Indian J Clin Biochem. 23 (3): 209–17. doi:10.1007/s12291-008-0048-9. PMID 2310575. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Emet, T.; Ustüner, I.; Güven, SG.; Balık, G.; Ural, UM.; Tekin, YB.; Sentürk, S.; Sahin, FK.; Avşar, AF. (2013). "Plasma lipids and lipoproteins during pregnancy and related pregnancy outcomes". Arch Gynecol Obstet. 288 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1007/s00404-013-2750-y. PMID 23400357. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kaitosaari, T.; Simell, O.; Viikari, J.; Raitakari, O.; Siltala, M.; Hakanen, M.; Leino, A.; Jokinen, E.; Rönnemaa, T. (2009). "Tracking and determinants of LDL particle size in healthy children from 7 to 11 years of age: the STRIP Study". Eur J Pediatr. 168 (5): 531–9. doi:10.1007/s00431-008-0780-4. PMID 18604555. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Chen, TJ.; Ji, CY.; Hu, YH. (2009). "Genetic and environmental influences on serum lipids and the effects of puberty: a Chinese twin study". Acta Paediatr. 98 (6): 1029–36. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01257.x. PMID 19292833. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Rao, P.; Reddy, GC.; Kanagasabapathy, AS. "Malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in Chronic Kidney disease".