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| ==Biology== | | ==Biology== |
| ===Genetics===
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| "The physical structure of all influenza A viruses is similar. The virions or virus particles are enveloped and can be either spherical or filamentous in form. In clinical isolates that have undergone limited passages in eggs or tissue culture, there are more filamentous than spherical particles, whereas passaged laboratory strains consist mainly of spherical virions."<ref> [http://www.clinicalservicesjournal.com/print.asp?id=872 Clinical Services Journal] article ''Avian influenza issues analysed'' published March 2006</ref>
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| The Influenza A virus genome is contained on eight single (non-paired) RNA strands that code for eleven proteins (HA, NA, NP, M1, M2, NS1, NEP, PA, PB1, PB1-F2, PB2). The segmented nature of the genome allows for the exchange of entire genes between different viral [[strain (biology)|strains]] during cellular cohabitation. The eight RNA segments are:
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| *HA encodes [[hemagglutinin]] (about 500 molecules of [[hemagglutinin]] are needed to make one [[virion]]) "The extent of infection into host organism is determined by HA. Influenza viruses bud from the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells (e.g. bronchial epithelial cells) into lumen of lungs and are therefore usually pneumotropic. The reason is that HA is cleaved by tryptase clara which is restricted to lungs. However HAs of H5 and H7 pantropic avian viruses subtypes can be cleaved by furin and subtilisin-type enzymes, allowing the virus to grow in other organs than lungs." <ref>[http://www.expasy.org/uniprot/P09345 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry P09345] Complete sequence of a cDNA clone of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza A/Chicken/Scotland/59 (H5N1) virus: comparison with contemporary North American and European strains.</ref>
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| *NA encodes [[neuraminidase]] (about 100 molecules of [[neuraminidase]] are needed to make one [[virion]]).
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| *NP encodes [[nucleoprotein]].
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| *M encodes two [[matrix protein]]s (the [[M1 protein|M1]] and the [[M2 protein|M2]]) by using different [[reading frame]]s from the same RNA segment (about 3000 matrix protein molecules are needed to make one [[virion]]).
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| *NS encodes two distinct non-structural proteins (NS1 and NEP) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.
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| *PA encodes an [[RNA polymerase]].
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| *PB1 encodes an [[RNA polymerase]] and PB1-F2 protein (induces [[apoptosis]]) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.
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| *PB2 encodes an [[RNA polymerase]].
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| The genome segments have common terminal sequences, and the ends of the RNA strands are partially [[complementarity (molecular biology)|complementary]], allowing them to bond to each other by [[hydrogen bond]]s. After transcription from negative-sense to [[positive-sense RNA]] the +RNA strands get the cellular [[5' cap]] added by cap snatching, which involves the viral protein NS1 binding to the cellular pre-mRNAs. The cap is then cleaved from the cellular pre-mRNA using a second viral protein, PB2. The short [[oligo]] cap is then added to the influenza +RNA strands, allowing its processing as [[messenger RNA]] by [[ribosome]]s. The +RNA strands also serve for synthesis of -RNA strands for new virions.
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| The [[RNA]] synthesis and its assembly with the nucleoprotein takes place in the [[cell nucleus]], the synthesis of proteins takes place in the [[cytoplasm]]. The assembled virion cores leave the nucleus and migrate towards the [[cell membrane]], with patches of viral [[transmembrane protein]]s (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and M2 proteins) and an underlying layer of the M1 protein, and [[budding|bud]] through these patches, releasing finished enveloped [[virus]]es into the [[extracellular fluid]].
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| ==Structure== | | ==Structure== |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Taxonomy
- There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C.
- Human influenza A and B viruses are responsible for causing seasonal epidemics of the disease almost every winter in the United States.
- The emergence of a new and very different influenza virus to infect people can cause an influenza pandemic.
- Influenza type C infections cause a mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics.
- The international naming convention for influenza viruses uses the following components to name the virus:[1]
- The antigenic type (e.g., A, B, C)
- The host of origin (e.g., swine, equine, chicken, etc. For human-origin viruses, no host of origin designation is given.)
- Geographical origin (e.g., Denver, Taiwan, etc.)
- Strain number (e.g., 15, 7, etc.)
- Year of isolation (e.g., 57, 2009, etc.)
- For influenza A viruses, the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigen description in parentheses (e.g., (H1N1), (H5N1)
Influenza A
- Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N). There are 18 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 11 different neuraminidase subtypes. (H1 through H18 and N1 through N11 respectively.)
- Influenza A viruses can be further broken down into different strains. Current subtypes of influenza A viruses found in people are influenza A (H1N1) and influenza A (H3N2) viruses. In the spring of 2009, a new influenza A (H1N1) virus (CDC 2009 H1N1 Flu website) emerged to cause illness in people. This virus was very different from the human influenza A (H1N1) viruses circulating at that time. The new virus caused the first influenza pandemic in more than 40 years. That virus (often called “2009 H1N1”) has now replaced the H1N1 virus that was previously circulating in humans.
Influenza B
- Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but can be further broken down into lineages and strains.
- Currently circulating influenza B viruses belong to one of two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria.
Biology
Structure
Tropism
Natural Reservoir
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Different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes and the species in which they have been detected
| Species
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Hemagglutinin
Subtypes
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Neuraminidase
Subtypes
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| Humans
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H1, H2, H3, H5, H6, H7, H9, H10
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N1, N2, N6, N7, N8, N9
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| Poultry
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H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H15, H16
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N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, N8, N9
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| Pigs
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H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H9
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N1, N2
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| Bats
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H17, H18
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N10, N11
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| Adapted from CDC [2]
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Humans
Poultry
Pigs
Bats
Canine
Microscopic Pathology
References
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