Carotid bruit: Difference between revisions

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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aneurysms]], [[aortic coarctation]], [[aortic dissection]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[aneurysm|arterial aneurysm]], [[arteriosclerosis]], [[arteriovenous fistula]], [[arteriovenous malformations]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[carotid artery disease]], [[carotid artery dissection]], [[carotid artery stenosis]], [[carotid sinus hypersensitivity]], [[carotid sinus syndrome]], [[carotid-cavernous fistula]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[coronary heart disease]], [[carotid artery stenosis|external carotid artery stenosis]], [[bruit|Fisher's contralateral systolic bruit]], [[heart murmur|flow murmur]], [[heart murmur|heart murmur with radiation to the neck]], [[hyperdynamic circulation]], [[aneurysm|internal carotid artery aneurysm]], [[internal carotid artery|internal carotid artery stenosis]], [[internal carotid artery|intraluminal turbulence in the internal carotid artery]], [[peripheral artery disease]], [[stroke]], [[supravalvular aortic stenosis]], [[Takayasu's arteritis]], [[common carotid artery|tortuous carotid arteries]], [[transient ischemic attack]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Carotid body tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Gestational diabetes]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[thyroid fistula]], [[thyrotoxicosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Crohn's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Fever]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arteriovenous malformations]], [[carotid artery disease]], [[carotid artery stenosis]], [[carotid artery stenosis|external carotid artery stenosis]], [[thoracic outlet syndrome|external compression from thoracic outlet syndrome]], [[aneurysm|internal carotid artery aneurysm]], [[carotid artery stenosis|internal carotid artery stenosis]], [[internal carotid artery|intraluminal turbulence in the internal carotid artery]], [[stroke]], [[transient ischemic attack]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Carotid body tumor]], [[paraganglioma]], [[tumor]], [[angioma|vascular angioma in the skull]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Crohn's disease]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Trauma|Neck trauma with damage to the carotid artery]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Fever]], [[idiopathic]]
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 19:06, 7 January 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

A carotid bruit is a bruit or sound heard over the carotid artery area, usually by a nurse or physician during auscultation. It is usually the result of a stenosis of the carotid artery, and is unlikely to be heard if the stenosis occludes less than 40% of the diameter of the artery. Likewise, a stenosis of greater than 90% may not be heard, as the flow may be too low.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aneurysms, aortic coarctation, aortic dissection, aortic stenosis, arterial aneurysm, arteriosclerosis, arteriovenous fistula, arteriovenous malformations, atherosclerosis, carotid artery disease, carotid artery dissection, carotid artery stenosis, carotid sinus hypersensitivity, carotid sinus syndrome, carotid-cavernous fistula, coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, external carotid artery stenosis, Fisher's contralateral systolic bruit, flow murmur, heart murmur with radiation to the neck, hyperdynamic circulation, internal carotid artery aneurysm, internal carotid artery stenosis, intraluminal turbulence in the internal carotid artery, peripheral artery disease, stroke, supravalvular aortic stenosis, Takayasu's arteritis, tortuous carotid arteries, transient ischemic attack, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Vasculitis
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat Carotid body tumor
Endocrine Gestational diabetes, hyperthyroidism, thyroid fistula, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Crohn's disease
Genetic Crohn's disease
Hematologic Anemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Fever
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic Arteriovenous malformations, carotid artery disease, carotid artery stenosis, external carotid artery stenosis, external compression from thoracic outlet syndrome, internal carotid artery aneurysm, internal carotid artery stenosis, intraluminal turbulence in the internal carotid artery, stroke, transient ischemic attack
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Carotid body tumor, paraganglioma, tumor, vascular angioma in the skull
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Fibromuscular dysplasia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Crohn's disease, vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Neck trauma with damage to the carotid artery
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Fever, idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order [1] [2]

Diagnosis

Many carotid bruits are discovered incidentally in an otherwise asymptomatic patient. A carotid duplex ultrasound may be useful in determining the origin of the bruit, the severity of the stenosis causing it, and the bruit's hemodynamic effects.

  • Carotid bruits are best heard with the bell of the stethoscope.
  • Carotid bruits are a blowing sound or murmur over the carotid artery
  • Are usually associated with carotid stenosis, secondary to atherosclerosis
  • Depending on degree of stenosis, may imply an increased risk of stroke

History and Symptoms

  • Special attention should paid to symptoms suggestive of:
    • Transient ischemic attack (TIA) symptoms
    • Cardiac risk factors

Physical Examination

Heart

  • It is critical to assess if there is a heart murmur that is radiating to the carotids.

Abdomen

  • The presence of a carotid bruit may indicate that a renal bruit is present as well.

Extremities

  • The presence of a carotid bruit may indicate that a femoral artery bruit will be present as well. The distal pulses should be evaluated carefully.

Neurologic

  • Neurologic exam should document and focal neurologic findings that might suggest a prior stroke.

Laboratory Findings

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

  • The degree of stenosis can be evaluated by carotid duplex ultrasound.
  • A CT scan may be indicated for patients with ultrasound-proven carotid disease who are at a higher risk for cerebrovascular accidents such as stroke.

Other Imaging Findings

Treatment

  • Treat underlying atherosclerotic disease proceses.
  • Smoking cessation

Pharmacotherapy

Acute Pharmacotherapies

  • Aspirin and/or antiplatelet therapy is recommended for asymptomatic patients

Chronic Pharmacotherapies

  • Aspirin and/or antiplatelet therapy is recommended for asymptomatic patients

Surgery and Device Based Therapy

  • Symptomatic patients with stenosis of 50-69% benefit more from surgery than medical therapies
  • Symptomatic patients with stenosis of greater than 70% should consider endarterectomy

Future or Investigational Therapies

  • Carotid angioplasty is under investigation for a possible future treatment

References

  1. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
  3. ↑ Sauvé J, Laupacis A, Østbye T, Feagan B, Sackett DL. Original article: does this patient have a clinically important carotid bruit? In: Simel DL, Rennie D, eds. The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. http://www.jamaevidence.com/content/3476758. Accessed 1/7/2015
  4. ↑ Sauvé J, Laupacis A, Østbye T, Feagan B, Sackett DL. Original article: does this patient have a clinically important carotid bruit? In: Simel DL, Rennie D, eds. The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. http://www.jamaevidence.com/content/3476758. Accessed 1/7/2015
  5. ↑ Sauvé J, Laupacis A, Østbye T, Feagan B, Sackett DL. Original article: does this patient have a clinically important carotid bruit? In: Simel DL, Rennie D, eds. The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. http://www.jamaevidence.com/content/3476758. Accessed 1/7/2015

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]

List of contributors:

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