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| | '''Drug Side Effect''' | | | '''Drug Side Effect''' |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bevacizumab]], [[Clomifene]], [[Crizotinib]], | | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bevacizumab]], [[Clomifene]], [[Crizotinib]], [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[glucocorticoids]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[Interferon gamma]], [[lenalidomide]], [[Letrozole]], [[Medroxyprogesterone]], [[Meropenem]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Progesterone]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[tamoxifen]], [[testosterone]], [[thalidomide]], [[transdermal contraceptive]] |
| [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[glucocorticoids]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[Interferon gamma]], [[lenalidomide]], [[Letrozole]], [[Medroxyprogesterone]], [[Meropenem]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Progesterone]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[tamoxifen]], [[testosterone]], [[thalidomide]], [[transdermal contraceptive]]
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Editor(s)-In-Chief: The APEX Trial Investigators, C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]
Overview
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the acute obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by a thrombus, air, tumor, or fat. Most often, PE is due to a venous thrombus which has been dislodged from its site of formation in the deep veins of the lower extremities, a process referred to as venous thromboembolism.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the underlying cause.
Common Causes
- The most common cause of PE is a venous thrombus which has been dislodged from its site of formation in the deep veins of the lower extremities.
- Non-thrombotic causes of PE are:
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
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Antithrombin III deficiency, deep vein thrombosis, dyslipidemia, embolism, fat, heart failure, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, May-Thurner syndrome, Meadows syndrome, Paget-Schroetter disease, pelvic vein thrombosis, plasminogen deficiency, thromboembolism, thrombosis
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| Chemical/Poisoning
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No underlying causes
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| Dental
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No underlying causes
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| Dermatologic
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Behcet's disease
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| Drug Side Effect
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Bevacizumab, Clomifene, Crizotinib, Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, glucocorticoids, hormone replacement therapy, Interferon gamma, lenalidomide, Letrozole, Medroxyprogesterone, Meropenem, Pramipexole, Progesterone, oral contraceptives, tamoxifen, testosterone, thalidomide, transdermal contraceptive
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| Ear Nose Throat
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No underlying causes
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| Endocrine
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Polycystic ovary syndrome
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| Environmental
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No underlying causes
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| Gastroenterologic
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Colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease, Paget-Schroetter disease
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| Genetic
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency
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| Hematologic
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Antiphospholipid syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, deep vein thrombosis, embolism, essential thrombocythemia, essential thrombocytosis, factor V Leiden mutation, factor XII deficiency, familial dysfibrinogenemia, heparin cofactor II deficiency, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, hyperviscosity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, pelvic vein thrombosis, plasminogen deficiency, polycythemia vera, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, thromboembolism, thrombosis
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| Iatrogenic
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Cancer surgery, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, presence of central venous catheter, vascular surgery
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| Infectious Disease
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Infection, tuberculosis
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| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
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Bone fractures
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| Neurologic
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Corticobasal degeneration
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| Nutritional/Metabolic
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Dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia
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| Obstetric/Gynecologic
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Amniotic fluid, antiphospholipid syndrome, hormone replacement therapy, Meadows syndrome, oral contraceptives, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, pregnancy, transdermal contraceptive
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| Oncologic
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Cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, malignancy, pancreatic cancer, polycythemia vera, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma
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| Ophthalmologic
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No underlying causes
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| Overdose/Toxicity
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heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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| Psychiatric
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Corticobasal degeneration, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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| Pulmonary
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Asthma, lung cancer, thrombosis
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| Renal/Electrolyte
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Chronic renal disease, nephrotic syndrome, renal cell carcinoma
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| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
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Antiphospholipid syndrome, Behcet's disease, Hughes-Stovin syndrome, prothrombin gene mutation G20210A, rheumatoid arthritis
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| Sexual
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No underlying causes
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| Trauma
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Injury, intravenous drug use, surgery, trauma
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| Urologic
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Prostate cancer
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| Miscellaneous
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Cancer surgery, immobilization, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, renal transplantation, vascular surgery
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
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