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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| Acrocyanosis results from central or local tissue oxygenation defects<ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal| author=Das S, Maiti A| title=Acrocyanosis: an overview. | journal=Indian J Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 58 | issue= 6 | pages= 417-20 | pmid=24249890 | doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 | pmc=PMC3827510 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24249890 }} </ref>. Acrocyanosis could be caused by both primary and secondary to neurologic, psychiatric, autoimmune, infective, metabolic or other causes, and the treatment depends on the underlying cause. | | Acrocyanosis results from central or local tissue oxygenation defects<ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal| author=Das S, Maiti A| title=Acrocyanosis: an overview. | journal=Indian J Dermatol | year= 2013 | volume= 58 | issue= 6 | pages= 417-20 | pmid=24249890 | doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 | pmc=PMC3827510 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24249890 }} </ref>. Acrocyanosis could be due to both primary and secondary causes, from neurologic, psychiatric, autoimmune, infective, metabolic or other causes and its treatment depends on the underlying cause. |
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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]
Overview
Acrocyanosis results from central or local tissue oxygenation defects[1]. Acrocyanosis could be due to both primary and secondary causes, from neurologic, psychiatric, autoimmune, infective, metabolic or other causes and its treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
|
Atheromatous embolism, Buerger's disease, chronic orthostatic intolerance, erythromelalgia, myocardial infarction, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, Sneddon syndrome, Takayasu arteritis
|
| Chemical / poisoning
|
Arsenic poisoning, Butyl nitrate
|
| Dermatologic
|
Acrocyanosis of infancy, black foot disease, Buerger's disease, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, fucosidosis, livedoid vasculopathy, remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, scleroderma, sulfhemoglobinemia, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, waldenström macroglobulinemia, wegener's granulomatosis
|
| Drug Side Effect
|
Amiodarone, Amphotericin B deoxycholate, butyl nitrate, butyl nitrite, desipramine, fluoxetine, gemcitabine, imipramine, interferon 2 alpha, metoclopramide, phenazopyridine, tolazoline, tricyclic antidepressants, vasopressors
|
| Ear Nose Throat
|
Wegener's granulomatosis, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
|
| Endocrine
|
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, carcinoid syndrome, POEMS syndrome
|
| Environmental
|
Cold exposure, high altitude
|
| Gastroenterologic
|
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, carcinoid syndrome, fucosidosis, Sandifer syndrome, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
|
| Genetic
|
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, Asperger disease, DiGeorge syndrome, erythromelalgia, ethylmalonic aciduria, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, familial spastic paraplegia, fucosidosis, genetic, mitochondrial disease
|
| Hematologic
|
Antiphospholipid syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, Castleman's disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, cold agglutinin disease, cryoglobulinemia, essential thrombocytopenia, methemoglobinemia, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, polycythemia, pulmonary embolism, secondary polycythemia, sulfhemoglobinemia, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
|
| Iatrogenic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Infectious Disease
|
Congenital syphilis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, infectious mononucleosis, influenza virus infection, listeriosis, mumps, mycoplasma, parvovirus B19 infection, psittacosis, secondary syphilis
|
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho
|
Antiphospholipid syndrome, brachial plexus neuropathy, Buerger's disease, erythromelalgia, fucosidosis, Klippel-Feil syndrome, puffy hand syndrome, stroke,remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, scalenus anterior syndrome, supernumerary cervical rib, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
|
| Neurologic
|
Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, apnea, Asperger disease, brachial plexus neuropathy, cervical plexus compression neuropathy, ergotism, erythromelalgia, ethylmalonic aciduria, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, familial spastic paraplegia, mitochondrial disease, POEMS syndrome, Sandifer syndrome, Sneddon syndrome, spinal cord injury, stroke, thoracic outlet syndrome, tonic-clonic seizure, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, vegetative dystonia
|
| Nutritional / Metabolic
|
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, ethylmalonic aciduria, fucosidosis
|
| Obstetric/Gynecologic
|
Antiphospholipid syndrome,ovarian cancer
|
| Oncologic
|
Burkitt's lymphoma, carcinoid syndrome, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, malignancy, ovarian cancer, paraneoplastic disorder, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
|
| Opthalmologic
|
Atheromatous embolism, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
|
| Overdose / Toxicity
|
Ergotism
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| Psychiatric
|
Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, anorexia nervosa, asperger disease, bulimia nervosa, neurocirculatory asthenia, schizophrenia, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
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| Pulmonary
|
Pickwickian syndrome, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
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| Renal / Electrolyte
|
Hyperoxaluria type 1, oxalosis, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
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| Rheum / Immune / Allergy
|
Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, Buerger's disease, Castleman's disease, CREST syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, DiGeorge syndrome, livedoid vasculopathy, mixed connective tissue disorder, paraneoplastic disorder, paraproteinemia, Raynaud's phenomenon, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sneddon syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis
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| Sexual
|
No underlying causes
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| Trauma
|
No underlying causes
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| Urologic
|
No underlying causes
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| Dental
|
Wegener's granulomatosis
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| Miscellaneous
|
Black foot disease, high altitude, idiopathic
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
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