Encephalopathy causes

Encephalopathy
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Encephalopathy alters brain function and/or structure. It may be caused by an infectious agent (bacteria, virus, orprion), metabolic or mitochondrial dysfunction, brain tumor or increased intracranial pressure, prolonged exposure to toxins (including solvents, drugs, alcohol, paints, industrial chemicals, and certain metals), radiation, chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain. It is also known that concomitant use of lithium with other neuroleptics may, in rare cases, cause encephalopathy.

Causes

Common Causes

• Infections
• Hypoxia
• Alcoholism
• Hepatic failure
• Renal failure
• Brain tumors
• Poisonings
• Malnutrition

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Hemorrhagic shock, Malignant hypertension, Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy
Chemical / poisoning	Alcohol withdrawal, Aluminum , Carbon monoxide poisoning, Ifosamide, Lead poisoning, Methylene Chloride , Narcotics, Occupational lead exposure , Toxic mushrooms
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Aldesleukin, Aminosalicylic acid, Blinatumomab, Bortezomib, Cefepime, Ceftazidime, Ciclosporin, Cidofovir, Cisplatin, Cysteamine , Cytarabine, Cytarabine liposome, Epoetin beta , Esomeprazole, Gallium nitrate, Gentamicin, Levofloxacin , Melarsoprol, Metronidazole, Muromonab-CD3, Nitisinone, Ramucirumab, Topiramate, Valacyclovir, Valproate, Zanamivir, Zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Hashimoto's encephalopathy
Environmental	Hypoxia, Near drowning
Gastroenterologic	Acute liver failure , Budd-Chiari syndrome , Chronic liver disease , Cirrhosis of liver , Idiopathic liver cirrhosis , Liver failure, Obliterative portal venopathy , Reye syndrome , Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome , Hepatoma
Genetic	Chromosome 18 Ring, Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency , Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q, Chromosome 9q duplication syndrome, Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome , Landau–Kleffner syndrome , Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Ohtahara syndrome , West syndrome, Carnitine deficiency syndromes , Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency , Carnitine transporter deficiency , Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency , MELAS , NADH CoQ reductase deficiency
Hematologic	Mosse syndrome
Iatrogenic	Peritoneal dialysis, Transjugular intrahepatic porto systemic shunt
Infectious Disease	Adenoviridae Infections , Boutonneuse fever , Bovine spongiform encephalopathy , Brain abscess, HIV, India tick typhus , Israeli spotted fever , Kuru, Lyme disease , Marseilles fever , Mediterranean Spotted Fever , Psittacosis , Whooping Cough , Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Neuromuscular disorder
Neurologic	Bing-Neel syndrome , Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome , Early myoclonic encephalopathy, Granulomatous angiitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Landau–Kleffner syndrome , Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Motor neuron disease, Myasthenia gravis, Neuromuscular disorder, Ohtahara syndrome , Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy, Post-ictal state, Raised intracranial pressure, Scrapie, Stroke, West syndrome, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy , Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Acidosis, Alcoholism, Carnitine deficiency syndromes , Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency , Carnitine transporter deficiency , Coenzyme Q 10 deficiency , Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency , Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency , Electrolyte abnormalities, HMG CoA synthetase deficiency , Hyperammonemia, Hypoglycemia, Inborn urea cycle disorder , Malnutrition, MELAS , NADH CoQ reductase deficiency , Obesity, Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency , Thiamine deficiency, Uremia, Uremic encephalopathy, Vitamin B deficiency, Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome , Wernicke's encephalopathy, Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Oncologic	Brain tumour, Hepatoma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Acetaminophen toxicity
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Asthma, Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis, Central alveolar hypoventilation, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Ephysema, Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Primary alveolar hypoventilation, Sleep apnea
Renal / Electrolyte	Hyponatremia, Renal failure
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome , Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome , Vasculitis, Hashimoto's encephalopathy
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Concussion
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Acetaminophen toxicity Acidosis Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Acute liver failure Adenoviridae Infections Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome Alcohol withdrawal Alcoholism Aldesleukin Aluminum Aminosalicylic acid Asthma Atelectasis Bing-Neel syndrome Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome Bortezomib Boutonneuse fever Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Brain abscess Brain tumour Bronchiectasis Budd-Chiari syndrome Carbon monoxide poisoning Carnitine deficiency syndromes Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency Carnitine transporter deficiency Cefepime Ceftazidime Central alveolar hypoventilation Chromosome 18 Ring Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q Chromosome 9q duplication syndrome Chronic liver disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cidofovir Cirrhosis of liver cisplatin Coenzyme Q 10 deficiency Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency Concussion Cytarabine Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency Early myoclonic encephalopathy Electrolyte abnormalities Ephysema Epoetin beta Esomeprazole Granulomatous angiitis Guillain-Barre syndrome Hashimoto's encephalopathy Hemorrhagic shock Hepatoma HIV HMG CoA synthetase deficiency Hyperammonemia Hypoglycemia Hyponatremia Hypoxia Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome Idiopathic liver cirrhosis Ifosamide Inborn urea cycle disorder

India tick typhus Israeli spotted fever Kuru Landau–Kleffner syndrome Lead poisoning Lennox–Gastaut syndrome Levofloxacin Liver failure Lyme disease Malignant hypertension Malnutrition Marseilles fever Mediterranean Spotted Fever Melarsoprol MELAS Methylene Chloride Metronidazole Mosse syndrome Motor neuron disease Myasthenia gravis NADH CoQ reductase deficiency Narcotics Near drowning Neuromuscular disorder Obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Obliterative portal venopathy Occupational lead exposure Ohtahara syndrome Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy Peritoneal dialysis Pneumonia Pneumothorax Post-ictal state Primary alveolar hypoventilation Psittacosis Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency Raised intracranial pressure Ramucirumab Renal failure Reye's Syndrome Scrapie Sleep apnea Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Stroke Thiamine deficiency Transjugular intrahepatic porto systemic shunt Topiramate Toxic mushrooms Uremia Uremic encephalopathy Valacyclovir Valproate Vasculitis Vitamin B deficiency Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke's encephalopathy West syndrome Whooping Cough Zanamivir