Calcifediol: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | |||
'''Calcifediol''' ([[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]]), also known as '''calcidiol''', '''25-hydroxycholecalciferol''', or '''25-hydroxyvitamin D''' (abbreviated '''25(OH)D'''),<ref>[http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/D.html "Nomenclature of Vitamin D. Recommendations 1981. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN)]" reproduced at the [[Queen Mary, University of London]] website. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</ref> is a [[prehormone]] that is produced in the [[liver]] by [[hydroxylation]] of [[vitamin D3|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]] (cholecalciferol) by the enzyme [[cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase]] which was isolated by [[Michael F. Holick]]. Physicians worldwide measure this metabolite to determine a patient's vitamin D status.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=4332591 |year=1972 |last1=Holick |first1=MF |last2=Deluca |first2=HF |last3=Avioli |first3=LV |title=Isolation and identification of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from human plasma |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=56–61 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |doi=10.1001/archinte.1972.00320010060005}}</ref> Calcifediol is then converted in the kidneys (by the [[enzyme]] [[25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase|25(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase]]) into [[calcitriol]] (1,25-(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>), a [[secosteroid]] [[hormone]] that is the active form of vitamin D. It can also be converted into [[24-hydroxycalcidiol]] in the kidneys via 24-hydroxylation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bender |first=David A. |author2=Mayes, Peter A |editors=Victor W. Rodwell; Murray, Robert F.; Harper, Harold W.; Granner, Darryl K.; Mayes, Peter A. |chapter=Micronutrients: Vitamins & Minerals |title=Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry |publisher=Lange/McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2006 |pages=492–3 |isbn=0-07-146197-3 |url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=QrJCZ1v5T6AC}} Retrieved December 10, 2008 through [[Google Book Search]].</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Institute of Medicine |authorlink=Institute of Medicine |chapter=Vitamin D |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington, D.C |year=1997 |pages=254 |isbn=0-309-06403-1 |chapterurl=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5776&page=250 |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5776}}</ref> | '''Calcifediol''' ([[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]]), also known as '''calcidiol''', '''25-hydroxycholecalciferol''', or '''25-hydroxyvitamin D''' (abbreviated '''25(OH)D'''),<ref>[http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/D.html "Nomenclature of Vitamin D. Recommendations 1981. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN)]" reproduced at the [[Queen Mary, University of London]] website. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</ref> is a [[prehormone]] that is produced in the [[liver]] by [[hydroxylation]] of [[vitamin D3|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]] (cholecalciferol) by the enzyme [[cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase]] which was isolated by [[Michael F. Holick]]. Physicians worldwide measure this metabolite to determine a patient's vitamin D status.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=4332591 |year=1972 |last1=Holick |first1=MF |last2=Deluca |first2=HF |last3=Avioli |first3=LV |title=Isolation and identification of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from human plasma |volume=129 |issue=1 |pages=56–61 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |doi=10.1001/archinte.1972.00320010060005}}</ref> Calcifediol is then converted in the kidneys (by the [[enzyme]] [[25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase|25(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase]]) into [[calcitriol]] (1,25-(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>), a [[secosteroid]] [[hormone]] that is the active form of vitamin D. It can also be converted into [[24-hydroxycalcidiol]] in the kidneys via 24-hydroxylation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bender |first=David A. |author2=Mayes, Peter A |editors=Victor W. Rodwell; Murray, Robert F.; Harper, Harold W.; Granner, Darryl K.; Mayes, Peter A. |chapter=Micronutrients: Vitamins & Minerals |title=Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry |publisher=Lange/McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2006 |pages=492–3 |isbn=0-07-146197-3 |url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=QrJCZ1v5T6AC}} Retrieved December 10, 2008 through [[Google Book Search]].</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Institute of Medicine |authorlink=Institute of Medicine |chapter=Vitamin D |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington, D.C |year=1997 |pages=254 |isbn=0-309-06403-1 |chapterurl=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5776&page=250 |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5776}}</ref> | ||
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A study by Cedric F. Garland and [[Frank C. Garland]] of the [[University of California, San Diego]] analyzed the blood from 25,000 volunteers from [[Washington County, Maryland]], finding that those with the highest levels of calcifediol had a risk of [[colon cancer]] that was one-fifth of typical rates.<ref>Maugh II, Thomas H. [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/31/local/la-me-frank-garland-20100831 "Frank C. Garland dies at 60; epidemiologist helped show importance of vitamin D: Garland and his brother Cedric were the first to demonstrate that vitamin D deficiencies play a role in cancer and other diseases."], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', August 31, 2010. Accessed September 4, 2010.</ref> | A study by Cedric F. Garland and [[Frank C. Garland]] of the [[University of California, San Diego]] analyzed the blood from 25,000 volunteers from [[Washington County, Maryland]], finding that those with the highest levels of calcifediol had a risk of [[colon cancer]] that was one-fifth of typical rates.<ref>Maugh II, Thomas H. [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/31/local/la-me-frank-garland-20100831 "Frank C. Garland dies at 60; epidemiologist helped show importance of vitamin D: Garland and his brother Cedric were the first to demonstrate that vitamin D deficiencies play a role in cancer and other diseases."], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', August 31, 2010. Accessed September 4, 2010.</ref> | ||
However, randomized controlled trials failed to find a significant correlation between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colon cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Wactawski-Wende |first= J|last2= Kotchen|first2= JM, Women's Health Initiative Investigators|date= Mar 9, 2006|title= Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer.|url= http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055222|journal= N Engl J Med|publisher= |volume= 954|issue=10 |pages= 1102|id= |accessdate=December 28, 2013 |pmid=16481636 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa055222}}</ref> | However, randomized controlled trials failed to find a significant correlation between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colon cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Wactawski-Wende |first= J|last2= Kotchen|first2= JM, Women's Health Initiative Investigators|date= Mar 9, 2006|title= Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer.|url= http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055222|journal= N Engl J Med|publisher= |volume= 954|issue=10 |pages= 1102|id= |accessdate=December 28, 2013 |pmid=16481636 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa055222}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Hypervitaminosis D]] | * [[Hypervitaminosis D]] | ||
* [[Vitamin D]] | * [[Vitamin D]] | ||
** [[Vitamin D#Health effects|Health effects]] of Vitamin D | ** [[Vitamin D#Health effects|Health effects]] of Vitamin D | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{Vitamin}} | {{Vitamin}} | ||
[[Category:Vitamins]] | [[Category:Vitamins]] | ||
[[Category:Secosteroids]] | [[Category:Secosteroids]] | ||
[[Category:Drug]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Calcifediol (INN), also known as calcidiol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D (abbreviated 25(OH)D),[1] is a prehormone that is produced in the liver by hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) by the enzyme cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase which was isolated by Michael F. Holick. Physicians worldwide measure this metabolite to determine a patient's vitamin D status.[2] Calcifediol is then converted in the kidneys (by the enzyme 25(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase) into calcitriol (1,25-(OH)2D3), a secosteroid hormone that is the active form of vitamin D. It can also be converted into 24-hydroxycalcidiol in the kidneys via 24-hydroxylation.[3][4]
Blood test
In medicine, a 25-hydroxy vitamin D (calcidiol) blood test is used to determine how much vitamin D is in the body.[5] The blood concentration of calcidiol is considered the best indicator of vitamin D status.[6]
This test can be used to diagnose vitamin D deficiency, and it is indicated in patients with high risk for vitamin D deficiency and when the results of the test would be used as supporting evidence for beginning aggressive therapies.[7] Patients with osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, malabsorption, obesity, and some other infections may be high risk and thus have greater indication for this test.[7] Although vitamin D deficiency is common in some populations including those living at higher latitudes or with limited sun exposure, the 25(OH)D test is not indicated for entire populations.[7] Physicians may advise low risk patients to take over-the-counter vitamin D in place of having screening.[7]
It is the most sensitive measure,[8] though experts have called for improved standardization and reproducibility across different laboratories.[6] According to MedlinePlus, the normal range of calcidiol is 30.0 to 74.0 ng/mL.[5] The normal range varies widely depending on several factors, including age and geographic location. A broad reference range of 20–150 nmol/L (8-60 ng/ml) has also been suggested,[9] while other studies have defined levels below 80 nmol/L (32 ng/ml) as indicative of vitamin D deficiency.[10]
US labs generally report 25(OH)D levels as ng/mL. Other countries often use nmol/L. Multiply ng/mL by 2.5 to convert to nmol/L.
Clinical significance
Increasing calcidiol levels are associated with increasing fractional absorption of calcium from the gut up to levels of 80 nmol/L (32 ng/mL).[citation needed] Urinary calcium excretion balances intestinal calcium absorption and does not increase with calcidiol levels up to ~400 nmol/L (160 ng/mL).[11]
A study by Cedric F. Garland and Frank C. Garland of the University of California, San Diego analyzed the blood from 25,000 volunteers from Washington County, Maryland, finding that those with the highest levels of calcifediol had a risk of colon cancer that was one-fifth of typical rates.[12] However, randomized controlled trials failed to find a significant correlation between vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colon cancer.[13]
See also
- Hypervitaminosis D
- Vitamin D
- Health effects of Vitamin D
References
- ↑ "Nomenclature of Vitamin D. Recommendations 1981. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN)" reproduced at the Queen Mary, University of London website. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
- ↑ Holick, MF; Deluca, HF; Avioli, LV (1972). "Isolation and identification of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from human plasma". Archives of Internal Medicine. 129 (1): 56–61. doi:10.1001/archinte.1972.00320010060005. PMID 4332591.
- ↑ Bender, David A.; Mayes, Peter A (2006). "Micronutrients: Vitamins & Minerals". In Victor W. Rodwell; Murray, Robert F.; Harper, Harold W.; Granner, Darryl K.; Mayes, Peter A. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry. New York: Lange/McGraw-Hill. pp. 492–3. ISBN 0-07-146197-3. Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
- ↑ Institute of Medicine (1997). "Vitamin D". Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. p. 254. ISBN 0-309-06403-1.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "25-hydroxy vitamin D test: Medline Plus". Retrieved 21 March 2010.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Heaney, Robert P (Dec 2004). "Functional indices of vitamin D status and ramifications of vitamin D deficiency". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 (6): 1706S–9S. PMID 15585791.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 American Society for Clinical Pathology, "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Society for Clinical Pathology, retrieved August 1, 2013, which cites
- Template:Cite PMID
- Template:Cite PMID
- Lu, Chuanyi M. (May 2012). "Pathology consultation on vitamin D testing: Clinical indications for 25(OH) vitamin D measurement [Letter to the editor]". American Journal Clinical Pathology. American Society for Clinical Pathology (137): 831–832., which cites
- Template:Cite PMID
- ↑ Institute of Medicine (1997), p. 259
- ↑ Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80388-8. Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
- ↑ Hollis BW (February 2005). "Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D". J Nutr. 135 (2): 317–22. PMID 15671234.
- ↑ Kimball; et al. (2004). "Safety of vitamin D3 in adults with multiple sclerosis". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86 (3): 645–51. PMID 17823429.
- ↑ Maugh II, Thomas H. "Frank C. Garland dies at 60; epidemiologist helped show importance of vitamin D: Garland and his brother Cedric were the first to demonstrate that vitamin D deficiencies play a role in cancer and other diseases.", Los Angeles Times, August 31, 2010. Accessed September 4, 2010.
- ↑ Wactawski-Wende, J; Kotchen, JM, Women's Health Initiative Investigators (Mar 9, 2006). "Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer". N Engl J Med. 954 (10): 1102. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055222. PMID 16481636. Retrieved December 28, 2013.