Sandbox ID Central Nervous System: Difference between revisions

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:* '''Post-treatment Lyme syndrome'''
:* '''Post-treatment Lyme syndrome'''
::* Preferred regimen: symptomatic management; antibiotics not indicated
::* Preferred regimen: symptomatic management; antibiotics not indicated


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::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children {{and}} [[Ceftriaxone]] 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children {{or}} [[Vancomycin]] 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children {{and}} [[cefotaxime]] 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates;  225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children {{and}} [[Ceftriaxone]] 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children {{or}} [[Vancomycin]] 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children {{and}} [[cefotaxime]] 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates;  225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
::::* Alternative regimen: [[Gatifloxacin]] 400 mg OD {{or}} [[moxifloxacin]] 400 mg OD  
::::* Alternative regimen: [[Gatifloxacin]] 400 mg OD {{or}} [[moxifloxacin]] 400 mg OD  


:*Neisseria meningitidis (adult)
:*Neisseria meningitidis (adult)
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::::* Preferred regimen: [[Ceftriaxone]] 4g bid/OD {{or}} [[cefotaxime]] 8-12g 4-6 times per day
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Ceftriaxone]] 4g bid/OD {{or}} [[cefotaxime]] 8-12g 4-6 times per day
::::* Alternative regimen: [[chloramphenicol]] 4-6g qid {{or}} [[Gatifloxacin]] 400 mg OD {{or}} [[moxifloxacin]] 400 mg OD  {{or}} [[meropenem]] 6g tid
::::* Alternative regimen: [[chloramphenicol]] 4-6g qid {{or}} [[Gatifloxacin]] 400 mg OD {{or}} [[moxifloxacin]] 400 mg OD  {{or}} [[meropenem]] 6g tid


:*Neisseria meningitidis (pediatric)
:*Neisseria meningitidis (pediatric)
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::::* Preferred regimen: [[Ceftriaxone]] 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children {{or}} [[cefotaxime]] 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates;  225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Ceftriaxone]] 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children {{or}} [[cefotaxime]] 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates;  225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
::::* Alternative regimen: [[chloramphenicol]]  25 mg/kg OD for 0-7 days neonates; 50 mg/kg bid/OD for 8-28 days neonates; 75–100 mg/kg qid for children {{or}} [[Gatifloxacin]] 400 mg OD {{or}} [[moxifloxacin]] 400 mg OD  {{or}} [[meropenem]] 120 mg/kg tid for children
::::* Alternative regimen: [[chloramphenicol]]  25 mg/kg OD for 0-7 days neonates; 50 mg/kg bid/OD for 8-28 days neonates; 75–100 mg/kg qid for children {{or}} [[Gatifloxacin]] 400 mg OD {{or}} [[moxifloxacin]] 400 mg OD  {{or}} [[meropenem]] 120 mg/kg tid for children


:*Listeria monocytogenes (adult)
:*Listeria monocytogenes (adult)
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:::*Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children
:::*Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children
:::*Alternative regimen: [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] 10–20 mg/kg bid-qid for children {{or}} [[linezolid]]
:::*Alternative regimen: [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] 10–20 mg/kg bid-qid for children {{or}} [[linezolid]]


:*Staphylococcus epidermidis (adult)
:*Staphylococcus epidermidis (adult)

Revision as of 17:39, 29 May 2015

Brain abscess


Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection


Encephalitis

  • Viruses
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
prophylactic antiviral therapy after bite or scratch
established disease
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: Reversal or control of immunosuppression AND HAART in patients with AIDS
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
life-threatening disease
SSPE
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: supportive AND Intraventricular γ-globulin (for chronic and/or severe disease)
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
postxposure prophylaxis
  • Preferred regimen: rabies immunoglobulin AND vaccine
after onset of disease
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • St. Louis encephalitis virus
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Alternative regimen: IFN-a-2b
  • Tickborne encephalitis virus
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Preferred regimen: supportive
  • Bacteria
  • Ehrlichia chaffeensis (human monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis)
with meningitis
without meningitis
  • Fungi
  • Preferred regimen: Amphotericin B deoxycholate AND flucytosine for 2 weeks, followed by fluconazole for 8 weeks ORv Lipid formulation of amphotericin B AND flucytosine for 2 weeks, followed by fluconazole for 8 weeks OR Amphotericin B AND flucytosine for 6–10 weeks
  • Preferred regimen: Liposomal amphotericin B for 4–6 weeks, followed by itraconazole for at least 1 year and until resolution of CSF abnormalities
  • Protozoa
  • Preferred regimen: Quinine OR quinidine OR artesunate OR artemether
  • Alternative regimen: Atovaquone OR proguanil OR Exchange transfusion (less than 10% parasitemia or cere- bral malaria)
  • Helminths
  • Prion
  • Preferred regimen: supportive

Epidural abscess


Lyme neuroborreliosis

  • Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guidelines[1]
  • Early neurologic disease
  • Cranial nerve palsy (adult)
  • Cranial nerve palsy (pediatric)
  • Preferred regimen: Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/day PO in 3 divided doses, max 500 mg/dose for 14 (14–21) days OR Doxycycline (for children aged ≥ 8 years) 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h, max 100 mg/dose for 14 (14–21) days OR Cefuroxime 30 mg/kg/day PO q12h, max 500 mg/dose for 14 (14–21) days
  • Alternative regimen: Azithromycin 10 mg/kg/day PO, max 500 mg/dose for 7–10 days OR Clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg PO bid, max 500 mg/dose for 14–21 days OR Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg PO aid, max 500 mg/dose for 14–21 days
  • Meningitis or radiculopathy (adult)
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 14 (10–28) days.
  • Alternative regimen: Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h for 14 (10–28) days OR Penicillin G 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 (10–28) days
Note: for nonpregnant adult patients intolerant of β-lactam agents, Doxycycline 200–400 mg/day PO/IV q12h may be considered.
  • Meningitis or radiculopathy (pediatric)
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 50–75 mg/kg IV q24h, max 2 g/day for 14 (10–28) days
  • Alternative regimen: Cefotaxime 150–200 mg/kg/day IV in 3–4 divided doses, max 6 g/day for 14 (10–28) days OR Penicillin G 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h, max 18–24 MU/day for 14 (10–28) days
Note: for children ≥ 8 years of age intolerant of β-lactam agents, Doxycycline 4–8 mg/kg/day PO/IV q12h, max 200–400 mg/day may be considered.
  • Late neurologic disease
  • Central or peripheral nervous system disease (adult)
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 14 (10–28) days
  • Alternative regimen: Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h for 14 (10–28) days OR Penicillin G 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 (10–28) days
  • Central or peripheral nervous system disease (pediatric)
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 50–75 mg/kg IV q24h, max 2 g for 14 (10–28) days.
  • Alternative regimen: Cefotaxime 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h, max 6 g/day for 14 (10–28) days OR Penicillin G 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h, max 18–24 MU/day for 14 (10–28) days
  • American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Practice Parameter[2]
  • Meningitis
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 14 days OR Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h for 14 days OR Penicillin G 18–24 MU/day q4h for 14 days
  • Alternative regimen: Doxycycline 100–200 mg BID for 14 days
  • Pediatric dose: Ceftriaxone 50–75 mg/kg/day IV q24h, max 2 g/day; Cefotaxime 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h, max 6 g/day; Penicillin G 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h, max 18–24 MU/day; Doxycycline (≥ 8 y/o) 4–8 mg/kg/day q12h, max 200 mg/day
  • Any neurologic syndrome with CSF pleocytosis
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 14 days OR Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h for 14 days OR Penicillin G 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 days
  • Alternative regimen: Doxycycline 100–200 mg BID for 14 days
  • Pediatric dose: Ceftriaxone 50–75 mg/kg/day IV q24h, max 2 g; Cefotaxime 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h, max 6 g/day; Penicillin G 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day q4h, max 18–24 MU/day; Doxycycline (≥ 8 y/o) 4–8 mg/kg/day q12h, max 200 mg/day
  • Peripheral nervous system disease (radiculopathy, diffuse neuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex, cranial neuropathy; normal CSF)
  • Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100–200 mg BID for 14 days
  • Alternative regimen: Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h for 14 days OR Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h for 14 days OR Penicillin G 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 days
  • Pediatric dose: Doxycycline (≥ 8 y/o) 4–8 mg/kg/day q12h, max 200 mg/day; Ceftriaxone 50–75 mg/kg/day IV q24h, max 2 g/day; Cefotaxime 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h, max 6 g/day; Penicillin G 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h, max 18–24 MU/day; Doxycycline (≥ 8 y/o) 4–8 mg/kg/day q12h, max 200 mg/day
  • Encephalomyelitis
  • Encephalopathy
  • Post-treatment Lyme syndrome
  • Preferred regimen: symptomatic management; antibiotics not indicated

Meningitis, bacteria

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (adult)
  • Penicillin MIC
  • <0.1 μg/mL
  • 0.1–1.0 μg/mL
  • ≥2.0 μg/mL
  • Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone MIC ≥1.0 μg/mL
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (pediatric)
  • Penicillin MIC
  • <0.1 μg/mL
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 0.15 mU/kg tid/bid for 0-7 days neonates; 0.2 mU/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 0.3 mU/kg 4-6 times per day for children OR ampicillin 150 mg/kg tid for 0-7 days neonates; 200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 300 mg/kg qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children OR chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg OD for 0-7 days neonates; 50 mg/kg bid/OD for 8-28 days neonates; 75–100 mg/kg qid for children
  • 0.1–1.0 μg/mL
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Cefepime 150 mg/kg tid for children OR meropenem 120 mg/kg tid for children
  • ≥2.0 μg/mL
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children AND Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR Vancomycin 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children AND cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Gatifloxacin 400 mg OD OR moxifloxacin 400 mg OD
  • Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone MIC ≥1.0 μg/mL
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children AND Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR Vancomycin 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children AND cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Gatifloxacin 400 mg OD OR moxifloxacin 400 mg OD
  • Neisseria meningitidis (adult)
  • Penicillin MIC
  • <0.1 μg/mL
  • 0.1–1.0 μg/mL
  • Neisseria meningitidis (pediatric)
  • Penicillin MIC
  • <0.1 μg/mL
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 0.15 mU/kg tid/bid for 0-7 days neonates; 0.2 mU/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 0.3 mU/kg 4-6 times per day for children OR ampicillin 150 mg/kg tid for 0-7 days neonates; 200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 300 mg/kg qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
  • 0.1–1.0 μg/mL
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg OD for 0-7 days neonates; 50 mg/kg bid/OD for 8-28 days neonates; 75–100 mg/kg qid for children OR Gatifloxacin 400 mg OD OR moxifloxacin 400 mg OD OR meropenem 120 mg/kg tid for children
  • Listeria monocytogenes (adult)
  • Listeria monocytogenes (pediatric)
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 0.15 mU/kg tid/bid for 0-7 days neonates; 0.2 mU/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 0.3 mU/kg 4-6 times per day for children OR ampicillin 150 mg/kg tid for 0-7 days neonates; 200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 300 mg/kg qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole10–20 mg/kg bid-qid for children {{or]} meropenem 120 mg/kg tid for children
  • Streptococcus agalactiae (adult)
  • Streptococcus agalactiae (pediatric)
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 0.15 mU/kg tid/bid for 0-7 days neonates; 0.2 mU/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 0.3 mU/kg 4-6 times per day for children OR ampicillin 150 mg/kg tid for 0-7 days neonates; 200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 300 mg/kg qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children


  • Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae (adult)
  • Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae (pediatric)
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Gatifloxacin 400 mg OD OR moxifloxacin 400 mg OD OR meropenem 120 mg/kg tid for children OR Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole10–20 mg/kg bid-qid for children OR ampicillin 150 mg/kg tid for 0-7 days neonates; 200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 300 mg/kg qid for children
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (adult)
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pediatric)
  • Preferred regimen: Cefepime 150 mg/kg tid for children OR ceftazidime 100–150 mg/kg tid/bid for 0-7 days neonates; 150 mg/kg tid for 8-28 days neonates; 150 mg/kg tid for children
  • Alternative regimen: meropenem 120 mg/kg tid for children
  • Haemophilus influenzae (adult)
  • β-Lactamase negative
  • β-Lactamase positive
  • Haemophilus influenzae (pediatric)
  • β-Lactamase negative
  • Preferred regimen:ampicillin 150 mg/kg tid for 0-7 days neonates; 200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 300 mg/kg qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children OR Cefepime 150 mg/kg tid for children OR chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg OD for 0-7 days neonates; 50 mg/kg bid/OD for 8-28 days neonates; 75–100 mg/kg qid for children OR Gatifloxacin 400 mg OD OR moxifloxacin 400 mg OD
  • β-Lactamase positive
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 80–100 mg/kg bid/OD for children OR cefotaxime 100–150 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 225–300 mg/kg tid/qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Cefepime 150 mg/kg tid for children OR chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg OD for 0-7 days neonates; 50 mg/kg bid/OD for 8-28 days neonates; 75–100 mg/kg qid for children OR Gatifloxacin 400 mg OD OR moxifloxacin 400 mg OD
  • Staphylococcus aureus (adult)
  • Methicillin susceptible
  • Methicillin resistant
  • Staphylococcus aureus (pediatric)
  • Methicillin susceptible
  • Preferred regimen: Nafcillin 75 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 100–150 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 200 mg/kg qid for children OR oxacillin 75 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 150–200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 200 mg/kg qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Vancomycin 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children OR meropenem 120 mg/kg tid for children
  • Methicillin resistant
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 10–20 mg/kg bid-qid for children OR linezolid
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis (adult)
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis (pediatric)
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children
  • Alternative regimen: Linezolid
  • Enterococcus species (adult)
  • Ampicillin susceptible
  • Ampicillin resistant
  • Ampicillin and vancomycin resistant
  • Enterococcus species (pediatric)
  • Ampicillin susceptible
  • Preferred regimen: ampicillin 150 mg/kg tid for 0-7 days neonates; 200 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 300 mg/kg qid for children AND gentamicin 5 mg/kg bid for 0-7 days neonates; 7.5 mg/kg tid for 8-28 days neonates; 7.5 mg/kg tid for children
  • Ampicillin resistant
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 20–30 mg/kg bid/tid for 0-7 days neonates; 30–45 mg/kg tid/qid for 8-28 days neonates; 60 mg/kg qid for children AND gentamicin 5 mg/kg bid for 0-7 days neonates; 7.5 mg/kg tid for 8-28 days neonates; 7.5 mg/kg tid for children
  • Ampicillin and vancomycin resistant

Meningitis, MRSA


Meningitis, tuberculous


Septic thrombosis of cavernous or dural venous sinus


Septic thrombosis of cavernous or dural venous sinus, MRSA


Subdural empyema

References

  1. Wormser, Gary P.; Dattwyler, Raymond J.; Shapiro, Eugene D.; Halperin, John J.; Steere, Allen C.; Klempner, Mark S.; Krause, Peter J.; Bakken, Johan S.; Strle, Franc; Stanek, Gerold; Bockenstedt, Linda; Fish, Durland; Dumler, J. Stephen; Nadelman, Robert B. (2006-11-01). "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 43 (9): 1089–1134. doi:10.1086/508667. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 17029130.
  2. Halperin, J. J.; Shapiro, E. D.; Logigian, E.; Belman, A. L.; Dotevall, L.; Wormser, G. P.; Krupp, L.; Gronseth, G.; Bever, C. T.; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (2007-07-03). "Practice parameter: treatment of nervous system Lyme disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 69 (1): 91–102. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000265517.66976.28. ISSN 1526-632X. PMID 17522387.