Bronchiectasis causes: Difference between revisions
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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Bronchiectasis may be either congenital or acquired. Acquired bronchiectasis is more common than congenital bronchiectasis. | |||
===Congenital=== | |||
The following table lists the congenital causes of bronchiectasis: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! '''Causes''' | ! '''Causes''' | ||
| Line 14: | Line 16: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Kartagener syndrome''' | | '''Kartagener syndrome''' | ||
| | | Bronchiectasis is secondary to the impaired mobility of [[cilia]] in the lungs<ref>{{cite journal |author=Morillas HN, Zariwala M, Knowles MR|title=Genetic Causes of Bronchiectasis: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia |language=English |journal=Respiration |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=252-63 |year=2007 |pmid=17534128 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Cystic fibrosis''' | | '''Cystic fibrosis''' | ||
| A small number of patients develop severe localized bronchiectasis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dalrymple-Hay MJ, Lucas J, Connett G, Lea RE|title=Lung resection for the treatment of severe localized bronchiectasis in cystic fibrosis patients.|language=English |journal=Acta Chir Hung. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=23-5 |year=1999 |pmid=10439089 |doi=}}</ref> | | A small number of patients develop severe localized bronchiectasis. Development of bronchiectasis is mainly due to the increased risk of chronic sinopulmonary infections<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dalrymple-Hay MJ, Lucas J, Connett G, Lea RE|title=Lung resection for the treatment of severe localized bronchiectasis in cystic fibrosis patients.|language=English |journal=Acta Chir Hung. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=23-5 |year=1999 |pmid=10439089 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Young's | | '''Young's Syndrome''' | ||
| | | Development of bronchiectasis is mainly due to the increased risk of chronic sinopulmonary infections<ref>{{cite journal |author=Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, & Turtle JR |title=Young's syndrome. Obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections. |language=English |journal=NEJM |volume=310 |issue=1 |pages=3-9 |year=1984 |pmid= |doi=}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Yellow Nail Syndrome''' | | '''Yellow Nail Syndrome''' | ||
| Many of these patients develop bronchiectasis | | Many of these patients develop bronchiectasis | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Alpha 1- | | '''Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency''' | ||
| | | The pathophysiology of development of bronchiectasis among these patients is yet to be elucidated.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shin MS, Ho KJ |title=Bronchiectasis in patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. A rare occurrence?. |language=English |journal=Chest |volume=104 |issue= |pages=1384-86 |year=1993 |pmid= |doi=}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Primary Immunodeficiencies''' | | '''Primary Immunodeficiencies''' | ||
| | | Bronchiectasis caused by the weakened immune system's response to severe, recurrent [[pulmonary]] infections<ref>{{cite journal |author=Notarangelo LD, Plebani A, Mazzolari E, Soresina A, Bondioni MP |title=Genetic causes of bronchiectasis: primary immune deficiencies and the lung |language=English |journal=Respiration |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=264-75 |year=2007 |pmid=17534129 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Acquired=== | ===Acquired=== | ||
Acquired bronchiectasis is more common than congenital bronchiectasis. The following table lists the acquired causes of bronchiectasis. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! '''Causes''' | ! '''Causes''' | ||
! '''Description''' | ! '''Description''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Post | | '''Post Infectious''' (viral, bacterial, fungal, atypical mycobacterial) | ||
| Such as [[tuberculosis]] (either from bronchial [[stenosis]] or secondary traction from [[fibrosis]]), [[pneumonia]], [[measles]], [[pertussis]] | | Such as [[tuberculosis]] (either from bronchial [[stenosis]] or secondary traction from [[fibrosis]]), [[pneumonia]], [[measles]], [[pertussis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Acquired | | '''Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome''' (AIDS) | ||
| | | AIDS is caused by untreated HIV viral infection. Development of bronchiectasis is due to development of opportunistic pulmonary infections<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sheikh S, Madiraju K, Steiner P, Rao M |title=Bronchiectasis in pediatric AIDS.|language=English |journal=Chest |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=1202-7 |year=1997 |pmid=9367458 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Inflammatory | | '''Inflammatory Bowel Disease''' | ||
| | | Bronchiectasis is more common among patients with [[ulcerative colitis]] than those with Crohn's disease. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Allergic | | '''Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis''' (ABPA) | ||
| | | Development of bronchiectasis is associated with inhalation of [[fungus]] spores<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ferguson HR, Convery RP |title=An unusual complication of ulcerative colitis |language=English |journal=Postgrad. Med. J. |volume=78 |issue= |pages=503 |year=2002 |pmid= |doi=}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Rheumatoid arthritis''' and other connective tissue diseases | | '''Rheumatoid arthritis''' and other connective tissue diseases | ||
Revision as of 13:40, 29 June 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.
Overview
Bronchiectasis can be caused by both, congenital and acquired factors. Congenital factors include conditions such as Kartagener syndrome and Young's syndrome. Acquired factors include tuberculosis infections such as endobronchial tuberculosis as well as inflammatory bowel diseases like Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease.
Causes
Bronchiectasis may be either congenital or acquired. Acquired bronchiectasis is more common than congenital bronchiectasis.
Congenital
The following table lists the congenital causes of bronchiectasis:
| Causes | Description |
|---|---|
| Kartagener syndrome | Bronchiectasis is secondary to the impaired mobility of cilia in the lungs[1] |
| Cystic fibrosis | A small number of patients develop severe localized bronchiectasis. Development of bronchiectasis is mainly due to the increased risk of chronic sinopulmonary infections[2] |
| Young's Syndrome | Development of bronchiectasis is mainly due to the increased risk of chronic sinopulmonary infections[3] |
| Yellow Nail Syndrome | Many of these patients develop bronchiectasis |
| Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency | The pathophysiology of development of bronchiectasis among these patients is yet to be elucidated.[4] |
| Primary Immunodeficiencies | Bronchiectasis caused by the weakened immune system's response to severe, recurrent pulmonary infections[5] |
Acquired
Acquired bronchiectasis is more common than congenital bronchiectasis. The following table lists the acquired causes of bronchiectasis.
| Causes | Description |
|---|---|
| Post Infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal, atypical mycobacterial) | Such as tuberculosis (either from bronchial stenosis or secondary traction from fibrosis), pneumonia, measles, pertussis |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | AIDS is caused by untreated HIV viral infection. Development of bronchiectasis is due to development of opportunistic pulmonary infections[6] |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Bronchiectasis is more common among patients with ulcerative colitis than those with Crohn's disease. |
| Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) | Development of bronchiectasis is associated with inhalation of fungus spores[7] |
| Rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases | One study showed a tenfold increase in the prevalence of the disease in this patients who smoke[8] |
| Airway obstructions | Such as tumors or enlarged lymph nodes |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | |
| Environmental exposures | |
| Inhalation and aspiration of ammonia | |
| Alcoholism | |
| Drug use | |
| Various allergies[9] |
References
- ↑ Morillas HN, Zariwala M, Knowles MR (2007). "Genetic Causes of Bronchiectasis: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia". Respiration. 72 (3): 252–63. PMID 17534128.
- ↑ Dalrymple-Hay MJ, Lucas J, Connett G, Lea RE (1999). "Lung resection for the treatment of severe localized bronchiectasis in cystic fibrosis patients". Acta Chir Hung. 38 (1): 23–5. PMID 10439089.
- ↑ Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, & Turtle JR (1984). "Young's syndrome. Obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections". NEJM. 310 (1): 3–9.
- ↑ Shin MS, Ho KJ (1993). "Bronchiectasis in patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. A rare occurrence?". Chest. 104: 1384–86.
- ↑ Notarangelo LD, Plebani A, Mazzolari E, Soresina A, Bondioni MP (2007). "Genetic causes of bronchiectasis: primary immune deficiencies and the lung". Respiration. 74 (3): 264–75. PMID 17534129.
- ↑ Sheikh S, Madiraju K, Steiner P, Rao M (1997). "Bronchiectasis in pediatric AIDS". Chest. 112 (5): 1202–7. PMID 9367458.
- ↑ Ferguson HR, Convery RP (2002). "An unusual complication of ulcerative colitis". Postgrad. Med. J. 78: 503.
- ↑ Kaushik, VV, Hutchinson D, Desmond J, Lynch MP, and Dawson JK (2004). "Association between bronchiectasis and smoking in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 63: 1001–2.
- ↑ Lamari NM, Martins ALQ, Oliveira JV, Marino LC, Valério N (2006). "Bronchiectasis and clearence physiotherapy: emphasis in postural drainage and percussion". Braz. j. cardiovasc. surg. (in Portuguese). 21 (2).