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* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
* [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
:* 1. '''Infectious endocarditis'''
:* 1. '''Infectious endocarditis'''
::* In adults
::* 1.1 '''In adults'''
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]], 15-20 mg/kg IV q8-12h {{or}} [[Daptomycin]] 6mg/kg/dose IV qd
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]], 15-20 mg/kg IV q8-12h {{or}} [[Daptomycin]] 6mg/kg/dose IV qd


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:::* Preferred regimen: [[Nafcillin]]  2 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Oxacillin]], 2 g IV q6h.
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Nafcillin]]  2 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Oxacillin]], 2 g IV q6h.
:::* Alternative regimen: [[Cefazolin]], 2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Vancomycin]], 15 mg/kg IV q12h.
:::* Alternative regimen: [[Cefazolin]], 2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Vancomycin]], 15 mg/kg IV q12h.
:::* Pediatric dose:
:::* 2.1.1 '''Pediatric dose'''
::::* [[Nafcillin]]  
::::* 2.1.1.1 [[Nafcillin]]  
:::::* Neonates  
:::::* 2.1.1.1.1 '''Neonates'''
::::::* 0–4 weeks of age and 1200 g- 50 mg/kg/day  q12h.
::::::* 0–4 weeks of age and 1200 g- 50 mg/kg/day  q12h.
::::::* ≤7 days and 1200–2000 g- 50 mg/kg/day  q12h.
::::::* ≤7 days and 1200–2000 g- 50 mg/kg/day  q12h.
::::::* >7 days of age and <2000g- 75 mg/kg/day  q8h.
::::::* >7 days of age and <2000g- 75 mg/kg/day  q8h.
::::::* >7 days of age and >1200 g - 100 mg/kg/day  q6h.
::::::* >7 days of age and >1200 g - 100 mg/kg/day  q6h.
::::* [[Oxacillin]]  
:::::* 2.1.1.1.2 '''Infants and children''': [[Nafcillin]] 100–200 mg/kg/day q4–6h.
:::::* Neonates  
::::* 2.1.1.2 [[Oxacillin]]  
:::::* 2.1.1.2.1 '''Neonates'''
::::::*0–4 weeks of age and 1200 g - 50 mg/kg/day q12h.
::::::*0–4 weeks of age and 1200 g - 50 mg/kg/day q12h.
::::::* Postnatal age <7 days and 1200–2000 g- 50–100 mg/kg/day q12h.
::::::* Postnatal age <7 days and 1200–2000 g- 50–100 mg/kg/day q12h.
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::::::* Postnatal age ≥7 days and 1200–2000 g- 75–150 mg/kg/day q8h.
::::::* Postnatal age ≥7 days and 1200–2000 g- 75–150 mg/kg/day q8h.
::::::* Postnatal age ≥7 days and >2000 g, 100–200 mg/kg/day q6h.
::::::* Postnatal age ≥7 days and >2000 g, 100–200 mg/kg/day q6h.
:::::* Infants and children [[Nafcillin]] 100–200 mg/kg/day q4–6h.
::::* 2.1.1.3 [[Cefazolin]]
::::* [[Cefazolin]]
:::::* 2.1.1.3.1 '''Neonates'''
:::::* Neonates
::::::* Postnatal age ≤7 days: 40 mg/kg/day q12h.
::::::* Postnatal age ≤7 days: 40 mg/kg/day q12h.
::::::* Postnatal age >7 days and 2000 g: 40 mg/kg/day q12h.
::::::* Postnatal age >7 days and 2000 g: 40 mg/kg/day q12h.
::::::* Postnatal age >7 days and 12000 g: 60 mg/kg/day q8h.
::::::* Postnatal age >7 days and 12000 g: 60 mg/kg/day q8h.
:::::* Infants and children: 50 mg/kg/day q8h.
:::::* 2.1.1.3.2 '''Infants and children''': 50 mg/kg/day q8h.
::::* [[Vancomycin]]
::::* 2.1.1.4 [[Vancomycin]]
:::::*Neonates
:::::* 2.1.1.4.1 '''Neonates'''
::::::* Postnatal age ≤7 days and <1200 g, 15 mg/kg/day q24h.
::::::* Postnatal age ≤7 days and <1200 g, 15 mg/kg/day q24h.
::::::* Postnatal age ≤7 days and 1200–2000 g, 10–15 mg/kg q12–18h.
::::::* Postnatal age ≤7 days and 1200–2000 g, 10–15 mg/kg q12–18h.
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::::::* Postnatal age >7 days and 1200–2000 g, 10–15 mg/kg q8–12h.
::::::* Postnatal age >7 days and 1200–2000 g, 10–15 mg/kg q8–12h.
::::::* Postnatal age >7 days and >2000 g, 15–20 mg/kg q8h.
::::::* Postnatal age >7 days and >2000 g, 15–20 mg/kg q8h.
:::::* Infants and children: 40 mg/kg/day q6–8h.
:::::* 2.1.1.4.2 '''Infants and children''': 40 mg/kg/day q6–8h.
::* 2.2 '''Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
::* 2.2 '''Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]], 15 mg/kg IV q12h {{or}} [[Daptomycin]], 6–8 mg/kg per day IV, or [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg q 12 hr IV or PO ; {{or}} [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h {{and}} ([[Rifampicin]] IV or [[Gentamycin]] IV); or [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 6–12 mg TMP/kg/day in divided doses q12h alone (if susceptible).
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]], 15 mg/kg IV q12h {{or}} [[Daptomycin]], 6–8 mg/kg per day IV, or [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg q 12 hr IV or PO ; {{or}} [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h {{and}} ([[Rifampicin]] IV or [[Gentamycin]] IV); or [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 6–12 mg TMP/kg/day in divided doses q12h alone (if susceptible).
:::* Pediatric dose
:::* 2.2.1 '''Pediatric dose'''
::::* [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg IV or PO q12h
::::* 2.2.1.1 [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg IV or PO q12h
:::::* Neonates
:::::* 2.2.1.1.1 '''Neonates'''
::::::* 0–4 weeks of age and birthweight <1200 g: 10 mg/kg q8–12h (note: q12h in patients <34 weeks gestation and <1 week of age).
::::::* 0–4 weeks of age and birthweight <1200 g: 10 mg/kg q8–12h (note: q12h in patients <34 weeks gestation and <1 week of age).
::::::* <7 days of age and birthweight >1200 g, 10 mg/kg q8–12h (note: q12h in patients <34 weeks gestation and <1 week of age).
::::::* <7 days of age and birthweight >1200 g, 10 mg/kg q8–12h (note: q12h in patients <34 weeks gestation and <1 week of age).
::::::* 7 days and birthweight >1200 g, 10 mg/kg q8h.
::::::* 7 days and birthweight >1200 g, 10 mg/kg q8h.
:::::* Infants and children <12 years of age: 10 mg/kg q8h Children 12 years of age and adolescents: 10 mg/kg q12h.
:::::* 2.2.1.1.2 '''Infants and children''' <12 years of age: 10 mg/kg q8h Children 12 years of age and adolescents: 10 mg/kg q12h.
::::* [[Gentamycin]]
::::* 2.2.1.2 [[Gentamycin]]
:::::* Neonates
:::::* 2.2.1.2.1 '''Neonates'''
::::::* Premature neonates and <1000 g, 3.5 mg/kg q24h; 0–4 weeks and <1200 g, 2.5 mg/kg q18-24h.
::::::* Premature neonates and <1000 g, 3.5 mg/kg q24h; 0–4 weeks and <1200 g, 2.5 mg/kg q18-24h.
::::::* Postnatal age 7 days: 2.5 mg/kg q12h.
::::::* Postnatal age 7 days: 2.5 mg/kg q12h.
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::::::* Once daily dosing for premature neonates with normal renal function, 3.5–4 mg/kg q24h.
::::::* Once daily dosing for premature neonates with normal renal function, 3.5–4 mg/kg q24h.
::::::* Once daily dosing for term neonates with normal renal function, 3.5–5 mg/kg q24h.
::::::* Once daily dosing for term neonates with normal renal function, 3.5–5 mg/kg q24h.
:::::* Infants and children <5 years of age: 2.5 mg/kg q8h; qd dosing in patients with normal renal function, 5–7.5 mg/kg q24h.
:::::* 2.2.1.2.2 '''Infants and children''' <5 years of age: 2.5 mg/kg q8h; qd dosing in patients with normal renal function, 5–7.5 mg/kg q24h.
:::::* Children >5 years of age: 2–2.5 mg/kg q8h; qd s with normal renal function, 5–7.5 mg/kg every 24 h.
:::::* 2.2.1.2.3 '''Children''' >5 years of age: 2–2.5 mg/kg q8h; qd s with normal renal function, 5–7.5 mg/kg every 24 h.
::::* [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]]
::::* 2.2.1.3 [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]]
:::::* Infants 12 months of age and children: mild-to-moderate infections, 6–12 mg TMP/kg/day  q12h; serious infection, 15–20 mg TMP/kg/day  q6-8h.
:::::* 2.2.1.3.1 '''Infants 12 months of age and children''': mild-to-moderate infections, 6–12 mg TMP/kg/day  q12h; serious infection, 15–20 mg TMP/kg/day  q6-8h.


:* 3. '''Cellulitis'''
:* 3. '''Cellulitis'''
:: 3.1 '''Purulent cellulitis''' (defined as cellulitis associated with purulent drainage or exudate in the absence of a drainable abscess)
:: 3.1 '''Purulent cellulitis''' (defined as cellulitis associated with purulent drainage or exudate in the absence of a drainable abscess)
:::* In adults
:::* 3.1.1 '''In adults'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Clindamycin]] 300–450 mg PO TID {{or}} [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 1–2 DS tab PO BID {{or}} [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO BID {{or}} [[Minocycline]] 200 mg as a single dose, then 100 mg PO BID {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO BID  
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Clindamycin]] 300–450 mg PO TID {{or}} [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 1–2 DS tab PO BID {{or}} [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO BID {{or}} [[Minocycline]] 200 mg as a single dose, then 100 mg PO BID {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO BID  
:::* In childern
:::* 3.1.2 '''In childern'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Clindamycin]] 10–13 mg/kg/dose PO q6–8 h, not to exceed 40 mg/kg/day {{or}} [[Trimethoprim]] 4–6 mg/kg, [[Sulfamethoxazole]] 20–30 mg/kg PO q12h {{or}} [[Doxycycline]] If patient body weight <45kg: 2 mg/kg/dose PO q12 h.
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Clindamycin]] 10–13 mg/kg/dose PO q6–8 h, not to exceed 40 mg/kg/day {{or}} [[Trimethoprim]] 4–6 mg/kg, [[Sulfamethoxazole]] 20–30 mg/kg PO q12h {{or}} [[Doxycycline]] If patient body weight <45kg: 2 mg/kg/dose PO q12 h.
::::: [[Doxycycline]]  If patient body weight 45kg: adult dose {{or}} [[Minocycline]] 4 mg/kg PO 200 mg as a single dose, then 2 mg/kg/dose PO q12h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO q8h, not to exceed 600 mg/dose  
::::: [[Doxycycline]]  If patient body weight 45kg: adult dose {{or}} [[Minocycline]] 4 mg/kg PO 200 mg as a single dose, then 2 mg/kg/dose PO q12h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO q8h, not to exceed 600 mg/dose  
::* 3.2 '''Nonpurulent cellulitis''' (defined as cellulitis with no purulent drainage or exudate and no associated abscess)
::* 3.2 '''Nonpurulent cellulitis''' (defined as cellulitis with no purulent drainage or exudate and no associated abscess)
:::* In adults
:::* 3.2.1 '''In adults'''
::::* Preferred regimen: Beta-lactam (eg, [[Cephalexin]] and [[Dicloxacillin]]) 500 mg PO QID {{or}} [[Clindamycin]] 300–450 mg PO TID {{or}} [[Amoxicillin]] 500 PO mg TID {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO BID  
::::* Preferred regimen: Beta-lactam (eg, [[Cephalexin]] and [[Dicloxacillin]]) 500 mg PO QID {{or}} [[Clindamycin]] 300–450 mg PO TID {{or}} [[Amoxicillin]] 500 PO mg TID {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO BID  
::::: Note: Empirical therapy for b-hemolytic streptococci is recommended. Empirical coverage for CA-MRSA is recommended in patients who do not respond to b-lactam therapy and may be considered in those with systemic toxicity.
::::: Note: Empirical therapy for b-hemolytic streptococci is recommended. Empirical coverage for CA-MRSA is recommended in patients who do not respond to b-lactam therapy and may be considered in those with systemic toxicity.
::::: Note: Provide coverage for both b-hemolytic streptococci and CA-MRSA b-lactam (eg, amoxicillin) and/or TMP-SMX or a tetracycline
::::: Note: Provide coverage for both b-hemolytic streptococci and CA-MRSA b-lactam (eg, amoxicillin) and/or TMP-SMX or a tetracycline
:::* In childern
:::* 3.2.2 '''In childern'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Clindamycin]] 10–13 mg/kg PO q6–8 h, not to exceed 40 mg/kg/day {{or}}  [[Trimethoprim]] 4–6 mg/kg, [[Sulfamethoxazole]] 20–30 mg/kg PO q12h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO q8h, not to exceed 600 mg
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Clindamycin]] 10–13 mg/kg PO q6–8 h, not to exceed 40 mg/kg/day {{or}}  [[Trimethoprim]] 4–6 mg/kg, [[Sulfamethoxazole]] 20–30 mg/kg PO q12h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO q8h, not to exceed 600 mg
::::: Note (1): [[Clindamycin]] causes Clostridium difficile–associated disease may occur more frequently, compared with other oral agents.
::::: Note (1): [[Clindamycin]] causes Clostridium difficile–associated disease may occur more frequently, compared with other oral agents.
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:* 4. '''Brain abscess'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bennett | first = John | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1455748013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/cid/ciq146| issn = 1537-6591| volume = 52| issue = 3| pages = –18-55| last1 = Liu| first1 = Catherine| last2 = Bayer| first2 = Arnold| last3 = Cosgrove| first3 = Sara E.| last4 = Daum| first4 = Robert S.| last5 = Fridkin| first5 = Scott K.| last6 = Gorwitz| first6 = Rachel J.| last7 = Kaplan| first7 = Sheldon L.| last8 = Karchmer| first8 = Adolf W.| last9 = Levine| first9 = Donald P.| last10 = Murray| first10 = Barbara E.| last11 = J Rybak| first11 = Michael| last12 = Talan| first12 = David A.| last13 = Chambers| first13 = Henry F.| last14 = Infectious Diseases Society of America| title = Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children| journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America| date = 2011-02-01| pmid = 21208910}}</ref>
:* 4. '''Brain abscess'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bennett | first = John | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1455748013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/cid/ciq146| issn = 1537-6591| volume = 52| issue = 3| pages = –18-55| last1 = Liu| first1 = Catherine| last2 = Bayer| first2 = Arnold| last3 = Cosgrove| first3 = Sara E.| last4 = Daum| first4 = Robert S.| last5 = Fridkin| first5 = Scott K.| last6 = Gorwitz| first6 = Rachel J.| last7 = Kaplan| first7 = Sheldon L.| last8 = Karchmer| first8 = Adolf W.| last9 = Levine| first9 = Donald P.| last10 = Murray| first10 = Barbara E.| last11 = J Rybak| first11 = Michael| last12 = Talan| first12 = David A.| last13 = Chambers| first13 = Henry F.| last14 = Infectious Diseases Society of America| title = Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children| journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America| date = 2011-02-01| pmid = 21208910}}</ref>
::* 4.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
::* 4.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
:::* In adults
:::* 4.1.1 '''In adults'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
::::* Alternative regimen: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
::::* Alternative regimen: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
:::* In childern
:::* 4.1.2 '''In childern'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]]15 mg/kg/dose IV q6h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8h
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]]15 mg/kg/dose IV q6h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8h
::::: Note: Consider the addition of [[Rifampin]] 600 mg qd {{or}} 300–450 mg bid to [[Vancomycin]].
::::: Note: Consider the addition of [[Rifampin]] 600 mg qd {{or}} 300–450 mg bid to [[Vancomycin]].
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:::* Alternative regimen: [[Clindamycin]] 600 mg IV q6h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks
:::* Alternative regimen: [[Clindamycin]] 600 mg IV q6h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks
::* 6.3 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
::* 6.3 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] loading dose 25–30 mg/kg IV followed by 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks
:::* 6.3.1 '''In adults'''
:::* Alternative regimen: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO or IV q12h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg PO or IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] loading dose 25–30 mg/kg IV followed by 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks
:::* Pediatric dose: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q6h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO or IV q8h
::::* Alternative regimen: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO or IV q12h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg PO or IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
:::: Note: Consider the addition of [[Rifampin]] 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to [[Vancomycin]] in adult patients.
:::* 6.3.2 '''Pediatric dose'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q6h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO or IV q8h
::::: Note: Consider the addition of [[Rifampin]] 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to [[Vancomycin]] in adult patients.


:* 7. ''' Bacterial meningitis'''
:* 7. ''' Bacterial meningitis'''
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:* 8. '''Septic thrombosis of cavernous or dural venous sinus'''<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/cid/ciq146| issn = 1537-6591| volume = 52| issue = 3| pages = –18-55| last1 = Liu| first1 = Catherine| last2 = Bayer| first2 = Arnold| last3 = Cosgrove| first3 = Sara E.| last4 = Daum| first4 = Robert S.| last5 = Fridkin| first5 = Scott K.| last6 = Gorwitz| first6 = Rachel J.| last7 = Kaplan| first7 = Sheldon L.| last8 = Karchmer| first8 = Adolf W.| last9 = Levine| first9 = Donald P.| last10 = Murray| first10 = Barbara E.| last11 = J Rybak| first11 = Michael| last12 = Talan| first12 = David A.| last13 = Chambers| first13 = Henry F.| last14 = Infectious Diseases Society of America| title = Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children| journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America| date = 2011-02-01| pmid = 21208910}}</ref>
:* 8. '''Septic thrombosis of cavernous or dural venous sinus'''<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/cid/ciq146| issn = 1537-6591| volume = 52| issue = 3| pages = –18-55| last1 = Liu| first1 = Catherine| last2 = Bayer| first2 = Arnold| last3 = Cosgrove| first3 = Sara E.| last4 = Daum| first4 = Robert S.| last5 = Fridkin| first5 = Scott K.| last6 = Gorwitz| first6 = Rachel J.| last7 = Kaplan| first7 = Sheldon L.| last8 = Karchmer| first8 = Adolf W.| last9 = Levine| first9 = Donald P.| last10 = Murray| first10 = Barbara E.| last11 = J Rybak| first11 = Michael| last12 = Talan| first12 = David A.| last13 = Chambers| first13 = Henry F.| last14 = Infectious Diseases Society of America| title = Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children| journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America| date = 2011-02-01| pmid = 21208910}}</ref>
::* 8.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
::* 8.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
:::* 8.1.1 '''In adults'''
:::* Alternative regimen: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO IV q12h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
:::* Pediatric dose: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q6h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO or IV q8h
::::* Alternative regimen: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO IV q12h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
:::: Note (1): Surgical evaluation for incision and drainage of contiguous sites of infection or abscess is recommended whenever possible.
:::* 8.1.2 '''Pediatric dose'''
:::: Note (2): Consider the addition of [[Rifampin]] 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to [[Vancomycin]].
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q6h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO or IV q8h
::::: Note (1): Surgical evaluation for incision and drainage of contiguous sites of infection or abscess is recommended whenever possible.
::::: Note (2): Consider the addition of [[Rifampin]] 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to [[Vancomycin]].


:* 9. '''Subdural empyema'''
:* 9. '''Subdural empyema'''
::* 9.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/cid/ciq146| issn = 1537-6591| volume = 52| issue = 3| pages = –18-55| last1 = Liu| first1 = Catherine| last2 = Bayer| first2 = Arnold| last3 = Cosgrove| first3 = Sara E.| last4 = Daum| first4 = Robert S.| last5 = Fridkin| first5 = Scott K.| last6 = Gorwitz| first6 = Rachel J.| last7 = Kaplan| first7 = Sheldon L.| last8 = Karchmer| first8 = Adolf W.| last9 = Levine| first9 = Donald P.| last10 = Murray| first10 = Barbara E.| last11 = J Rybak| first11 = Michael| last12 = Talan| first12 = David A.| last13 = Chambers| first13 = Henry F.| last14 = Infectious Diseases Society of America| title = Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children| journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America| date = 2011-02-01| pmid = 21208910}}</ref>
::* 9.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1093/cid/ciq146| issn = 1537-6591| volume = 52| issue = 3| pages = –18-55| last1 = Liu| first1 = Catherine| last2 = Bayer| first2 = Arnold| last3 = Cosgrove| first3 = Sara E.| last4 = Daum| first4 = Robert S.| last5 = Fridkin| first5 = Scott K.| last6 = Gorwitz| first6 = Rachel J.| last7 = Kaplan| first7 = Sheldon L.| last8 = Karchmer| first8 = Adolf W.| last9 = Levine| first9 = Donald P.| last10 = Murray| first10 = Barbara E.| last11 = J Rybak| first11 = Michael| last12 = Talan| first12 = David A.| last13 = Chambers| first13 = Henry F.| last14 = Infectious Diseases Society of America| title = Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children| journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America| date = 2011-02-01| pmid = 21208910}}</ref>
:::* In adults
:::* 9.1.1 '''In adults'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
::::* Alternative regimen: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO or IV q12h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
::::* Alternative regimen: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO or IV q12h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
:::* In childern
:::* 9.1.2 '''In childern'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg/dose IV q6h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8h
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg/dose IV q6h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8h
::::: Note: Consider the addition of [[Rifampin]] 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to [[Vancomycin]].
::::: Note: Consider the addition of [[Rifampin]] 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to [[Vancomycin]].
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:* 14. '''Cystic fibrosis''' <ref name="pmid23540878">{{cite journal| author=Mogayzel PJ, Naureckas ET, Robinson KA, Mueller G, Hadjiliadis D, Hoag JB et al.| title=Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines. Chronic medications for maintenance of lung health. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2013 | volume= 187 | issue= 7 | pages= 680-9 | pmid=23540878 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23540878  }} </ref>
:* 14. '''Cystic fibrosis''' <ref name="pmid23540878">{{cite journal| author=Mogayzel PJ, Naureckas ET, Robinson KA, Mueller G, Hadjiliadis D, Hoag JB et al.| title=Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines. Chronic medications for maintenance of lung health. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2013 | volume= 187 | issue= 7 | pages= 680-9 | pmid=23540878 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23540878  }} </ref>
::* 14.1 Preferred Regimen (Adult)
::* 14.1 Preferred Regimen '''(Adult)'''
:::* If '''methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus''': [[Nafcillin]] 2 gm IV q4hs {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 2 gm IV q4hs
:::* If '''methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus''': [[Nafcillin]] 2 gm IV q4hs {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 2 gm IV q4hs
:::* If '''methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus''': [[Vancomycin]] 15-20 mg/kg IV q8-12h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 600 mg po/IV q12h
:::* If '''methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus''': [[Vancomycin]] 15-20 mg/kg IV q8-12h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 600 mg po/IV q12h
::* 14.2 Preferred regimen (Pediatric)
::* 14.2 Preferred regimen '''(Pediatric)'''
:::* If '''methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus''': [[Nafcillin]] 5 mg/kg q6h (Age >28 days) {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 75 mg/kg q6h (Age >28 days)]]
:::* If '''methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus''': [[Nafcillin]] 5 mg/kg q6h (Age >28 days) {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 75 mg/kg q6h (Age >28 days)]]
:::* If '''methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus''': [[Vancomycin]] 40 mg/kg  q6-8h (Age >28 days) {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg po or IV q8h (up to age 12)
:::* If '''methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus''': [[Vancomycin]] 40 mg/kg  q6-8h (Age >28 days) {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg po or IV q8h (up to age 12)
Line 171: Line 175:
::* 15.1 Preferred Regimen in adults
::* 15.1 Preferred Regimen in adults
:::* 15.1.1 '''Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment'''
:::* 15.1.1 '''Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment'''
:::: a.'''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Flucloxacillin]] 500 mg oral qds for 14 days
:::: 15.1.1.1 '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Flucloxacillin]] 500 mg oral qds for 14 days
:::: b. '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': Patient's body weight is <50 kg: [[Rifampicin]] 450 mg oral od {{and}} [[Trimethoprim]] 200 mg oral bd for 14 days ; Patient's body weight is >50 kg: [[Rifampicin]] 600 mg oral od {{and}} [[Trimethoprim]] 200 mg oral bd for 14 days
:::: 15.1.1.2  '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': Patient's body weight is <50 kg: [[Rifampicin]] 450 mg oral od {{and}} [[Trimethoprim]] 200 mg oral bd for 14 days ; Patient's body weight is >50 kg: [[Rifampicin]] 600 mg oral od {{and}} [[Trimethoprim]] 200 mg oral bd for 14 days
:::: c. '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': [[Vancomycin]] 1 g IV bd (monitor serum levels and adjust dose accordingly) {{or}} [[Teicoplanin]] 400 mg od for 14 days
:::: 15.1.1.3 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': [[Vancomycin]] 1 g IV bd (monitor serum levels and adjust dose accordingly) {{or}} [[Teicoplanin]] 400 mg od for 14 days
::::* 15.1.2 '''Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment'''
::::* 15.1.2 '''Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment'''
::::: a. '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg oral bd 14 days
::::: 15.1.2.1 '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg oral bd 14 days
::::: b. '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': Patient's body weight is <50 kg: [[Rifampicin]] 450 mg oral od {{and}} [[Doxycycline]] 200 mg oral od 14 days, Patient's body weight is >50 kg: [[Rifampicin]] 600 mg oral {{and}} [[Doxycycline]] 200 mg oral od 14 days. Third-line: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg bd 14 days
::::: 15.1.2.2 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': Patient's body weight is <50 kg: [[Rifampicin]] 450 mg oral od {{and}} [[Doxycycline]] 200 mg oral od 14 days, Patient's body weight is >50 kg: [[Rifampicin]] 600 mg oral {{and}} [[Doxycycline]] 200 mg oral od 14 days. Third-line: [[Linezolid]] 600 mg bd 14 days
::::: c. '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': [[Linezolid]] 600 mg IV bd 14 days
::::: 15.1.2.3 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': [[Linezolid]] 600 mg IV bd 14 days
:::* 15.2 Preferred Regimen in children
:::* 15.2 Preferred Regimen in children
::::* 15.2.1 '''Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment'''
::::* 15.2.1 '''Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment'''
::::: a. '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Flucloxacillin]]  
::::: 15.2.1.1 '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Flucloxacillin]]  
::::: b. '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': Children (< 12 yr): [[Trimethoprim]] 4-6 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12 hr PO Children (> 12 yr) : [[Trimethoprim]] 100-200 mg q 12 hr PO. [[Rifampicin]] 450 mg oral od  : [[Rifampicin]] 600 mg oral od {{and}}  
::::: 15.2.1.2 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': Children (< 12 yr): [[Trimethoprim]] 4-6 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12 hr PO Children (> 12 yr) : [[Trimethoprim]] 100-200 mg q 12 hr PO. [[Rifampicin]] 450 mg oral od  : [[Rifampicin]] 600 mg oral od {{and}}  
::::: c. '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': [[Vancomycin]] 45-60 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 8-12 hr IV {{or}} [[Teicoplanin]]  
::::: 15.2.1.3 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': [[Vancomycin]] 45-60 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 8-12 hr IV {{or}} [[Teicoplanin]]  
::::* 15.2.2 '''Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment'''
::::* 15.2.2 '''Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment'''
::::: a. '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Clarithromycin]] 15 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12 hr PO  
::::: 15.2.2.1 '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Clarithromycin]] 15 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12 hr PO  
::::: b. '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''':  [[Rifampicin]] {{and}} [[Doxycycline]] 2-5 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12-24 hr PO or IV (max dose: 200 mg/24 hr) ;  [[Rifampicin]]  {{and}} [[Doxycycline]] 2-5 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12-24 hr PO or IV (max dose: 200 mg/24 hr) . Third-line: [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg q 12 hr IV or PO
::::: 15.2.2.2 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''':  [[Rifampicin]] {{and}} [[Doxycycline]] 2-5 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12-24 hr PO or IV (max dose: 200 mg/24 hr) ;  [[Rifampicin]]  {{and}} [[Doxycycline]] 2-5 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12-24 hr PO or IV (max dose: 200 mg/24 hr) . Third-line: [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg q 12 hr IV or PO
::::: c. '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg q 12 hr IV or PO
::::: 15.2.2.3 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''': [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg q 12 hr IV or PO
::*  15.3 '''Long-term oral antibiotic treatment'''
::*  15.3 '''Long-term oral antibiotic treatment'''
:::* Preferred Regimen in adults
:::* 15.3.1 Preferred Regimen in adults
::::* 15.3.1  Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment
::::* 15.3.1.1  '''Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment'''
::::: a. '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Flucloxacillin]] 500 mg oral bd
::::: 15.3.1.1.1 '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Flucloxacillin]] 500 mg oral bd
::::* 15.3.2 Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment
::::* 15.3.1.2 '''Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment'''
::::: a. '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Clarithromycin]] 250 mg oral bd
::::: 15.3.1.2.1 '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)''': [[Clarithromycin]] 250 mg oral bd


:* 16. '''Empyema'''
:* 16. '''Empyema'''
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:* 19. '''Septic arthritis'''
:* 19. '''Septic arthritis'''
::* 19.1 In adults
::* 19.1 '''In adults'''
:::* 19.1.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
:::* 19.1.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h
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::::* Alternative regimen (3): [[Clindamycin]] 600 mg PO/IV q8h
::::* Alternative regimen (3): [[Clindamycin]] 600 mg PO/IV q8h
::::* Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 3.5–4.0 mg/kg PO/IV q8–12h  
::::* Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 3.5–4.0 mg/kg PO/IV q8–12h  
:::* 19.2 In childern
:::* 19.2 '''In childern'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q6h {{or}} [[Daptomycin]] 6–10 mg/kg IV q24h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO/IV q8h {{or}} [[Clindamycin]] 10–13 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q6–8h
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q6h {{or}} [[Daptomycin]] 6–10 mg/kg IV q24h {{or}} [[Linezolid]] 10 mg/kg PO/IV q8h {{or}} [[Clindamycin]] 10–13 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q6–8h
:::*''' 19.2.1 '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)'''
:::*''' 19.2.1 '''Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)'''
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:* 21. '''Hematogenous osteomyelitis'''
:* 21. '''Hematogenous osteomyelitis'''
::* 21.1 Adult (>21 yrs)
::* 21.1 '''Adult''' (>21 yrs)
:::* 21.1.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' possible
:::* 21.1.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' possible
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 1 gm IV q12h (if over 100 kg, 1.5 gm IV q12h)
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 1 gm IV q12h (if over 100 kg, 1.5 gm IV q12h)
:::* 21.1.2 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' unlikely  
:::* 21.1.2 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' unlikely  
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Nafcillin]] {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 2 gm IV q4h
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Nafcillin]] {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 2 gm IV q4h
::* 21.2 Children (>4 mos.)-Adult
::* 21.2 '''Children''' (>4 mos.)-Adult
:::* 21.2.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' possible
:::* 21.2.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' possible
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 40 div q6–8h  
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 40 div q6–8h  
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::::* Preferred regimen: [[Nafcillin]] {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 37 q6h (to max. 8–12 gm per day)  
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Nafcillin]] {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 37 q6h (to max. 8–12 gm per day)  
::::: Note: Add [[Ceftazidime]] 50 q8h or [[Cefepime]] 150 div q8h if Gm-neg. bacilli on Gram stain   
::::: Note: Add [[Ceftazidime]] 50 q8h or [[Cefepime]] 150 div q8h if Gm-neg. bacilli on Gram stain   
::* 21.3 Newborn (<4 mos.)
::* 21.3 '''Newborn''' (<4 mos.)
:::* 21.3.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' possible
:::* 21.3.1 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' possible
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] {{and}} ([[Ceftazidime]] 2 gm IV q8h or [[Cefepime]] 2 gm IV q12h)  
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] {{and}} ([[Ceftazidime]] 2 gm IV q8h or [[Cefepime]] 2 gm IV q12h)  
:::* 21.3.2 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' unlikely  
:::* 21.3.2 '''Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)''' unlikely  
::::* Preferred regimen: ([[Nafcillin]] {{or}} Oxacillin) {{and}} ([[Ceftazidime]] {{or}} Cefepime)  
::::* Preferred regimen: ([[Nafcillin]] {{or}} Oxacillin) {{and}} ([[Ceftazidime]] {{or}} Cefepime)  
::* 21.4 Specific therapy
::* 21.4 '''Specific therapy'''
:::* 21.4.1 ''' Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)'''
:::* 21.4.1 ''' Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Nafcillin]] {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 2 gm IV q4h {{or}} [[Cefazolin]] 2 gm IV q8h  
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Nafcillin]] {{or}} [[Oxacillin]] 2 gm IV q4h {{or}} [[Cefazolin]] 2 gm IV q8h  
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:* 23. ''' Necrotizing fasciitis'''<ref name="pmid24947530">{{cite journal| author=Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL et al.| title=Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 59 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-59 | pmid=24947530 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciu296 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24947530  }} </ref>
:* 23. ''' Necrotizing fasciitis'''<ref name="pmid24947530">{{cite journal| author=Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL et al.| title=Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 59 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-59 | pmid=24947530 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciu296 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24947530  }} </ref>
::* 23.1 In adult
::* 23.1 '''In adult'''
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Nafcillin]] 1–2 g IV  q4h (Severe Pencillin allergy: [[Vancomycin]], [[linezolid]], [[quinupristin]]/[[dalfopristin]], daptomycin)
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Nafcillin]] 1–2 g IV  q4h (Severe Pencillin allergy: [[Vancomycin]], [[linezolid]], [[quinupristin]]/[[dalfopristin]], daptomycin)
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Oxacillin]] 1–2 g IV  q4h  
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Oxacillin]] 1–2 g IV  q4h  
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:::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV bid
:::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV bid
:::* Preferred regimen (5): [[Clindamycin]] 600–900 mg IV  q8h  
:::* Preferred regimen (5): [[Clindamycin]] 600–900 mg IV  q8h  
::* 23.2 In childern
::* 23.2 '''In childern'''
::::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Nafcillin]] 50 mg/kg/dose IV  q6h  (Severe Pencillin allergy: [[Vancomycin]], [[linezolid]], [[quinupristin]]/[[dalfopristin]], [[daptomycin]])
::::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Nafcillin]] 50 mg/kg/dose IV  q6h  (Severe Pencillin allergy: [[Vancomycin]], [[linezolid]], [[quinupristin]]/[[dalfopristin]], [[daptomycin]])
::::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Oxacillin]] 50 mg/kg/dose IV q6h  
::::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Oxacillin]] 50 mg/kg/dose IV q6h  

Revision as of 15:38, 30 June 2015

WikiDoc Infectious Disease Project — Pathogen-Based Infections

Pathogens of Public Health Significance

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Pathogens of Clinical Significance

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The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
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Bacteria – Gram-Positive Cocci

  • 1. Infectious endocarditis
  • 1.1 In adults
  • 2. Intravascular catheter-related infections[1]
  • 2.1 Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • 2.1.1.1.1 Neonates
  • 0–4 weeks of age and 1200 g- 50 mg/kg/day q12h.
  • ≤7 days and 1200–2000 g- 50 mg/kg/day q12h.
  • >7 days of age and <2000g- 75 mg/kg/day q8h.
  • >7 days of age and >1200 g - 100 mg/kg/day q6h.
  • 2.1.1.1.2 Infants and children: Nafcillin 100–200 mg/kg/day q4–6h.
  • 2.1.1.2.1 Neonates
  • 0–4 weeks of age and 1200 g - 50 mg/kg/day q12h.
  • Postnatal age <7 days and 1200–2000 g- 50–100 mg/kg/day q12h.
  • Postnatal age <7 days and >2000 g, 75–150 mg/kg/day q8h.
  • Postnatal age ≥7 days and 1200–2000 g- 75–150 mg/kg/day q8h.
  • Postnatal age ≥7 days and >2000 g, 100–200 mg/kg/day q6h.
  • 2.1.1.3.1 Neonates
  • Postnatal age ≤7 days: 40 mg/kg/day q12h.
  • Postnatal age >7 days and 2000 g: 40 mg/kg/day q12h.
  • Postnatal age >7 days and 12000 g: 60 mg/kg/day q8h.
  • 2.1.1.3.2 Infants and children: 50 mg/kg/day q8h.
  • 2.1.1.4.1 Neonates
  • Postnatal age ≤7 days and <1200 g, 15 mg/kg/day q24h.
  • Postnatal age ≤7 days and 1200–2000 g, 10–15 mg/kg q12–18h.
  • Postnatal age ≤7 days and >2000 g, 10–15 mg/kg q8–12h.
  • Postnatal age >7 days and <1200 g, 15 mg/kg/day q24h.
  • Postnatal age >7 days and 1200–2000 g, 10–15 mg/kg q8–12h.
  • Postnatal age >7 days and >2000 g, 15–20 mg/kg q8h.
  • 2.1.1.4.2 Infants and children: 40 mg/kg/day q6–8h.
  • 2.2 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • 2.2.1.1.1 Neonates
  • 0–4 weeks of age and birthweight <1200 g: 10 mg/kg q8–12h (note: q12h in patients <34 weeks gestation and <1 week of age).
  • <7 days of age and birthweight >1200 g, 10 mg/kg q8–12h (note: q12h in patients <34 weeks gestation and <1 week of age).
  • 7 days and birthweight >1200 g, 10 mg/kg q8h.
  • 2.2.1.1.2 Infants and children <12 years of age: 10 mg/kg q8h Children 12 years of age and adolescents: 10 mg/kg q12h.
  • 2.2.1.2.1 Neonates
  • Premature neonates and <1000 g, 3.5 mg/kg q24h; 0–4 weeks and <1200 g, 2.5 mg/kg q18-24h.
  • Postnatal age 7 days: 2.5 mg/kg q12h.
  • Postnatal age 17 days and 1200–2000 g, 2.5 mg/kg q8-12h.
  • Postnatal age 17 days and 12000 g, 2.5 mg/kg q8h.
  • Once daily dosing for premature neonates with normal renal function, 3.5–4 mg/kg q24h.
  • Once daily dosing for term neonates with normal renal function, 3.5–5 mg/kg q24h.
  • 2.2.1.2.2 Infants and children <5 years of age: 2.5 mg/kg q8h; qd dosing in patients with normal renal function, 5–7.5 mg/kg q24h.
  • 2.2.1.2.3 Children >5 years of age: 2–2.5 mg/kg q8h; qd s with normal renal function, 5–7.5 mg/kg every 24 h.
  • 2.2.1.3.1 Infants 12 months of age and children: mild-to-moderate infections, 6–12 mg TMP/kg/day q12h; serious infection, 15–20 mg TMP/kg/day q6-8h.
  • 3. Cellulitis
3.1 Purulent cellulitis (defined as cellulitis associated with purulent drainage or exudate in the absence of a drainable abscess)
  • 3.1.1 In adults
  • 3.1.2 In childern
Doxycycline If patient body weight 45kg: adult dose OR Minocycline 4 mg/kg PO 200 mg as a single dose, then 2 mg/kg/dose PO q12h OR Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO q8h, not to exceed 600 mg/dose
  • 3.2 Nonpurulent cellulitis (defined as cellulitis with no purulent drainage or exudate and no associated abscess)
  • 3.2.1 In adults
Note: Empirical therapy for b-hemolytic streptococci is recommended. Empirical coverage for CA-MRSA is recommended in patients who do not respond to b-lactam therapy and may be considered in those with systemic toxicity.
Note: Provide coverage for both b-hemolytic streptococci and CA-MRSA b-lactam (eg, amoxicillin) and/or TMP-SMX or a tetracycline
  • 3.2.2 In childern
Note (1): Clindamycin causes Clostridium difficile–associated disease may occur more frequently, compared with other oral agents.
Note (2): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole not recommended for women in the third trimester of pregnancy and for children ,2 months of age.
Note (3): Tetracyclines are not recommended for children under 8 years of age and are pregnancy category D.
  • 4.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • 4.1.1 In adults
  • 4.1.2 In childern
Note: Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd OR 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin.
  • 4.2 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • 5. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection [5][6]
  • 5.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h AND/OR Rifampin 600 mg IV or PO q24h
Note: Shunt removal is recommended, and it should not be replaced until cerebrospinal fluid cultures are repeatedly negative.
  • 5.2 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • 6.1 Penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 4 MU IV q4h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks
  • 6.2 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus
  • Preferred regimen: Cefazolin 2 g IV q8h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks OR Nafcillin 2 g IV q4h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks OR Oxacillin 2 g IV q4h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Clindamycin 600 mg IV q6h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks
  • 6.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • 6.3.1 In adults
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin loading dose 25–30 mg/kg IV followed by 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h for 2–4 weeks, then PO to complete 6–8 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Linezolid 600 mg PO or IV q12h for 4–6 weeks OR TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg PO or IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
  • 6.3.2 Pediatric dose
Note: Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin in adult patients.
  • 7. Bacterial meningitis
  • 7.1 Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • 7.2 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Note: Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin in adult patients.
  • 8. Septic thrombosis of cavernous or dural venous sinus[11]
  • 8.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • 8.1.1 In adults
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Linezolid 600 mg PO IV q12h for 4–6 weeks OR TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
  • 8.1.2 Pediatric dose
Note (1): Surgical evaluation for incision and drainage of contiguous sites of infection or abscess is recommended whenever possible.
Note (2): Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin.
  • 9. Subdural empyema
  • 9.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)[12]
  • 9.1.1 In adults
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Linezolid 600 mg PO or IV q12h for 4–6 weeks OR TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
  • 9.1.2 In childern
Note: Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin.
  • 10. Acute conjunctivitis [13]
  • 10.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • 11. Appendicitis
11.1 Health Care–Associated Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection [14]
11.1.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h
  • 12. Diverticulitis
12.1 Health Care–Associated Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection [14]
12.1.1Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h.
  • 13. Peritonitis secondary to bowel perforation, peritonitis secondary to ruptured appendix, peritonitis secondary to ruptured appendix, typhlitis
13.1 Health Care–Associated Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection [14]
  • 13.1.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h
  • 14. Cystic fibrosis [15]
  • 14.1 Preferred Regimen (Adult)
  • If methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus: Nafcillin 2 gm IV q4hs OR Oxacillin 2 gm IV q4hs
  • If methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus: Vancomycin 15-20 mg/kg IV q8-12h OR Linezolid 600 mg po/IV q12h
  • 14.2 Preferred regimen (Pediatric)
  • If methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus: Nafcillin 5 mg/kg q6h (Age >28 days) OR Oxacillin 75 mg/kg q6h (Age >28 days)]]
  • If methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg q6-8h (Age >28 days) OR Linezolid 10 mg/kg po or IV q8h (up to age 12)
  • 15. Bronchiectasis [16]
  • 15.1 Preferred Regimen in adults
  • 15.1.1 Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment
15.1.1.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA): Flucloxacillin 500 mg oral qds for 14 days
15.1.1.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Patient's body weight is <50 kg: Rifampicin 450 mg oral od AND Trimethoprim 200 mg oral bd for 14 days ; Patient's body weight is >50 kg: Rifampicin 600 mg oral od AND Trimethoprim 200 mg oral bd for 14 days
15.1.1.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Vancomycin 1 g IV bd (monitor serum levels and adjust dose accordingly) OR Teicoplanin 400 mg od for 14 days
  • 15.1.2 Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment
15.1.2.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA): Clarithromycin 500 mg oral bd 14 days
15.1.2.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Patient's body weight is <50 kg: Rifampicin 450 mg oral od AND Doxycycline 200 mg oral od 14 days, Patient's body weight is >50 kg: Rifampicin 600 mg oral AND Doxycycline 200 mg oral od 14 days. Third-line: Linezolid 600 mg bd 14 days
15.1.2.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Linezolid 600 mg IV bd 14 days
  • 15.2 Preferred Regimen in children
  • 15.2.1 Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment
15.2.1.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA): Flucloxacillin
15.2.1.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Children (< 12 yr): Trimethoprim 4-6 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12 hr PO Children (> 12 yr) : Trimethoprim 100-200 mg q 12 hr PO. Rifampicin 450 mg oral od  : Rifampicin 600 mg oral od AND
15.2.1.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Vancomycin 45-60 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 8-12 hr IV OR Teicoplanin
  • 15.2.2 Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment
15.2.2.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA): Clarithromycin 15 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12 hr PO
15.2.2.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Rifampicin AND Doxycycline 2-5 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12-24 hr PO or IV (max dose: 200 mg/24 hr) ; Rifampicin AND Doxycycline 2-5 mg/kg/24 hr divided q 12-24 hr PO or IV (max dose: 200 mg/24 hr) . Third-line: Linezolid 10 mg/kg q 12 hr IV or PO
15.2.2.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Linezolid 10 mg/kg q 12 hr IV or PO
  • 15.3 Long-term oral antibiotic treatment
  • 15.3.1 Preferred Regimen in adults
  • 15.3.1.1 Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment
15.3.1.1.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA): Flucloxacillin 500 mg oral bd
  • 15.3.1.2 Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment
15.3.1.2.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA): Clarithromycin 250 mg oral bd
  • 16. Empyema
  • 17. Community-acquired pneumonia
  • 17.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • 17.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • Preferred Regimen : Vancomycin 45-60 mg/kg/day divided q8-12h (max: 2000 mg/dose) for 7-21 days OR Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 10-14 days
  • Alternative Regimen: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 1-2 double-strength tablets (800/160 mg) q12-24h
  • 18. Olecranon bursitis or prepatellar bursitis
  • 18.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • 18.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Note: Initially aspirate q24h and treat for a minimum of 2–3 weeks.
  • 19. Septic arthritis
  • 19.1 In adults
  • 19.1.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h
  • Alternative regimen (1): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h in adults
  • Alternative regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h
  • Alternative regimen (3): Clindamycin 600 mg PO/IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 3.5–4.0 mg/kg PO/IV q8–12h
  • 19.2 In childern
  • 19.2.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • 20. Septic arthritis, prosthetic joint infection (device-related osteoarticular infections)
  • 20.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • 20.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • Early-onset (< 2 months after surgery) or acute hematogenous prosthetic joint infections involving a stable implant with short duration (< 3 weeks) of symptoms and debridement (but device retention)
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd or 300–450 mg PO bid for 2 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: (Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h OR Linezolid 600 IV q8h) AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd or 300–450 mg PO bid for 2 weeks
Note: The above regimen should be followed by Rifampin plus a fluoroquinolone, TMP/SMX, a tetracycline or Clindamycin for 3 or 6 months for hips and knees, respectively.
  • 21. Hematogenous osteomyelitis
  • 21.1 Adult (>21 yrs)
  • 21.1.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) possible
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 gm IV q12h (if over 100 kg, 1.5 gm IV q12h)
  • 21.1.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) unlikely
  • 21.2 Children (>4 mos.)-Adult
  • 21.2.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) possible
  • 21.2.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) unlikely
Note: Add Ceftazidime 50 q8h or Cefepime 150 div q8h if Gm-neg. bacilli on Gram stain
  • 21.3 Newborn (<4 mos.)
  • 21.3.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) possible
  • 21.3.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) unlikely
  • 21.4 Specific therapy
  • 21.4.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • 21.4.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • 22. Diabetic foot osteomyelitis
  • High Risk for MRSA
  • 23. Necrotizing fasciitis[17]
  • 23.1 In adult
  • 23.2 In childern
  • 24. Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome [18]
  • 24.1 Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus
  • Preferred regimen: Cloxacillin 250-500 mg PO q6h (max dose: 4 g/24 hr) OR Nafcillin 4-12 g/24 hr divided IV q4-6hr (max dose: 12 g/24 hr) OR Cefazolin 0.5-2g IV or IM q8h (max dose: 12 g/24 hr), AND Clindamycin 150-600 mg IV, IM, or PO q6-8h (max dose: 5 g/24 hr IV or IM or 2 g/24 hr PO)
  • Alternative regimen (1):Clarithromycin 250-500 mg PO q12h (max dose: 1 g/24 hr) AND Clindamycin 150-600 mg IV, IM, or PO q6-8h (max dose: 5 g/24 hr IV or IM or 2 g/24 hr PO)
  • Alternative regimen (1):Rifampicin, AND Linezolid 600 mg IV or PO q12h OR Daptomycin OR Tigecycline 100 mg loading dose followed by 50 mg IV q12h
  • 24.2 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  • 24.3 Glycopeptide resistant or intermediate Staphylococcus aureus
  • Preferred regimen: Linezolid 600 mg IV or PO q12h AND Clindamycin 150-600 mg IV, IM, or PO q6-8h (max dose: 5 g/24 hr IV or IM or 2 g/24 hr PO) (if sensitive)
  • Alternative regimen (1):Daptomycin OR Tigecycline 100 mg loading dose followed by 50 mg IV q12h
Note: Incidence increasing. Geographical patterns highly variable.
  • Staphylococcus aureus ,prophylaxis
  • 1. Prophylaxis for coronary artery bypass graft-associated acute mediastinitis[19]
  • 1.1 Methicillin susceptible staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
  • Preferred regimen: A first- or second-generation Cephalosporin is recommended for prophylaxis in patients without methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization.
  • 1.2 Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin alone or in combination with other antibiotics to achieve broader coverage is recommended for prophylaxis in patients with proven or suspected methicillin-resistant S. aureus colonization
Note (1): Preoperative antibiotics should be administered to all patients to reduce the risk of mediastinitis in cardiac surgery.
Note (2): The use of intranasal Mupirocin is reasonable in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus.






Bacteria – Gram-Positive Bacilli

Bacteria – Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli

  • Chancroid Treatment [20]
  • Preferred Regimen: Azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose OR Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose OR Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid for 3 days OR Erythromycin base 500 mg PO three tid for 7 days
  • Note(1): Regardless of whether symptoms of the disease are present, sex partners of patients who have chancroid should be examined and treated if they had sexual contact with the patient during the 10 days preceding the patient’s onset of symptoms.
  • Note(2):Persons with HIV infection might require repeated or longer courses of therapy, and treatment failures can occur with any regimen.




Bacteria – Spirochetes

Bacteria – Gram-Negative Bacilli

Bacteria – Atypical Organisms

Bacteria – Miscellaneous

Bacteria – Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli

Fungi

Mycobacteria

Parasites – Intestinal Protozoa

Parasites – Extraintestinal Protozoa

Parasites – Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms)

Parasites – Extraintestinal Nematodes (Roundworms)

Parasites – Trematodes (Flukes)

Parasites – Cestodes (Tapeworms)

Parasites – Ectoparasites

Viruses

References

  1. ↑ Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O'Grady NP; et al. (2009). "Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 49 (1): 1–45. doi:10.1086/599376. PMC 4039170. PMID 19489710.
  2. ↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.
  3. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  4. ↑ Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.
  5. ↑ Tunkel, Allan R.; Hartman, Barry J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Kaufman, Bruce A.; Roos, Karen L.; Scheld, W. Michael; Whitley, Richard J. (2004-11-01). "Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 39 (9): 1267–1284. doi:10.1086/425368. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 15494903.
  6. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  7. ↑ Kasper, Dennis (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-0071802154.
  8. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  9. ↑ Darouiche, Rabih O. (2006-11-09). "Spinal epidural abscess". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2012–2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMra055111. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 17093252.
  10. ↑ Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.
  11. ↑ Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.
  12. ↑ Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.
  13. ↑ Azari, Amir A.; Barney, Neal P. (2013-10-23). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–1729. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. ISSN 1538-3598. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, Rodvold KA, Goldstein EJ, Baron EJ; et al. (2010). "Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (2): 133–64. doi:10.1086/649554. PMID 20034345.
  15. ↑ Mogayzel PJ, Naureckas ET, Robinson KA, Mueller G, Hadjiliadis D, Hoag JB; et al. (2013). "Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines. Chronic medications for maintenance of lung health". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 187 (7): 680–9. PMID 23540878.
  16. ↑ Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT, British Thoracic Society Bronchiectasis non-CF Guideline Group (2010). "British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis". Thorax. 65 Suppl 1: i1–58. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.136119. PMID 20627931.
  17. ↑ Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL; et al. (2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 59 (2): 147–59. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296. PMID 24947530.
  18. ↑ Lappin E, Ferguson AJ (2009). "Gram-positive toxic shock syndromes". Lancet Infect Dis. 9 (5): 281–90. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70066-0. PMID 19393958.
  19. ↑ Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol. 58 (24): e123–210. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.009. PMID 22070836.
  20. ↑ Workowski, Kimberly A.; Bolan, Gail A. (2015-06-05). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. ISSN 1545-8601. PMID 26042815.
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