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:::*Note (1): Duration of antibiotic use is 3-5days, some recommend continuing until wound or eschar resolves
:::*Note (1): Duration of antibiotic use is 3-5days, some recommend continuing until wound or eschar resolves
:::*Note (2): Aeromonas isolates from leeches have been described as uniformly susceptible to fluoroquinolones.
:::*Note (2): Aeromonas isolates from leeches have been described as uniformly susceptible to fluoroquinolones.
====Bacteria – Gram-Negative Bacilli==== 
{{PBI|Achromobacter xylosoxidans}}
{{PBI|Acinetobacter baumannii}}
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Imipenem]] 0.5-1 g IV q6h
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Ampicillin/sulbactam]] (Unasyn) 3g q4h
::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Cefepime]] 1-2 g IV q8h
::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Colistin]] 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h
::* Preferred regimen (5): [[Tigecycline]] (Tygacil) 100 mg IV, then 50 mg IV q12h
::* Preferred regimen (6): [[Amikacin]] 7.5 mg/kg q12h IV or 15 mg/kg/day IV
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2g IV every day
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Cefotaxime]] 2-3g IV q6-8h
::* Alternative regimen (3): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q8-12h or 750 mg PO bid
::* Alternative regimen (4): [[TMP-SMX]] 15-20 mg (TMP)/kg/day IV divided 3 or 4 doses/day or 2 DS PO bid
{{PBI|Aeromonas hydrophila}}
:* Aeromonas hydrophila<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
::*1. '''Diarrhea'''
:::* Preferred regimen (if not self-limiting, or if severe): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500 mg PO bid.
:::* Alternate regimen: [[TMP-SMX]] single dose PO bid
:::* Note: High resistance to sulfa agents described in Taiwan and Spain
::*2. '''Skin and soft tissue infection'''
:::*2.1 '''Mild infection'''
::::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500 mg PO bid
::::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Levofloxacin]] 500 mg OD.
:::*2.2 '''Severe infection or sepsis'''
::::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q8h
::::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Levofloxacin]] 750 mg IV q24h
::::* Note (1): For suspicion of water-based injury,empiric coverage for Vibrio [[Doxycycline]] 100mg bid, although Flouroquinolones may also cover {{and}}  [[Vancomycin]] 15mg/kg IV q12h {{with/without}}  [[Clindamycin]] {{or}}  [[Linezolid]] for inhibition of Gram-positive toxin production
::::* Alternative regimen: Alternatives to [[fluoroquinolones]] for Aeromonas coverage include ([[Carbapenems]] ([[Ertapenem]], [[Doripenem]], [[Imipenem]], [[Meropenem]]), [[Ceftriaxone]], [[Cefepime]] and [[Aztreonam]].
::*3. '''Prevention'''
:::* Preferred regimen: Frequent recommendations include using a [[Cephalosporin]] (e.g.,cefuroxime, ceftriaxoneorcefixime) {{or}} a [[Fluoroquinolone]] (e.g.,ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin) during treatment with medicinal leeches.
:::* Note: Aeromonas isolates from leeches have been described as uniformly susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Duration of antibiotic use is 3-5days, some recommend continuing until wound or eschar resolves
{{PBI|Bartonella}}
:* Bartonella<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
::*1. '''Cat scratch disease'''
:::*1.1 '''If extensive adenopathy'''
::::* Preferred regimen: [[Azithromycin]] 500 mg single dose
::*2. '''Retinitis'''
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg bid {{and}}  [[Rifampin]] 300 mg bid PO for 4-6 weeks.
::*3. '''Bacillary angiomatosis'''
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Erythromycin]] 500 mg PO qid
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Doxycycline]] 100mg PO bid for >3 months.
::*4. '''Peliosis hepatitis'''
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Erythromycin]] 500 mg PO qid
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO bid for 4 months.
::*5. '''Oroya fever'''
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500 mg PO bid for 10 days.
::*6. '''Endocarditis'''
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Gentamicin]] 3 mg/kg/day IV q8h for 14 days {{and}}  [[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g/day IV for 6weeks {{with/without}} [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO bid for 6 weeks.
{{PBI|Bordetella pertussis}}
:*Bordetella pertussis<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref> ::*1. '''Whooping cough'''
::::*1.1 '''Adults'''
:::::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Azithromycin]] 500 mg PO single dose then 250 mg PO qd for 2-5days
:::::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg bid for 7 days.
:::::* Alternative regimen(Intolerant of macrolides): [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] DS bid PO for 14 days
:::::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Erythromycin]] 250 mg PO qid for 14 days
::::*1.2 '''Infants <6 months of age'''
:::::*1.2.1 '''Infants <1 month'''
::::::* Preferred regimen: [[Azithromycin]] 10 mg/kg/day for 5 days
::::::* Note: [[Erythromycin]], [[Clarithromycin]] and [[TMP-SMX]] not recommended
:::::*1.2.2 '''Infants of 1-5 months of age'''
::::::* Preferred regimen(1): [[Azithromycin]] 10 mg/kg/day for 5 days
::::::* Preferred regimen(2): [[Clarithromycin]] 15mg/kg bid for 7 days
::::::* Preferred regimen(3): [[Erythromycin]] 10 mg/kg PO qid for 14 days,
::::::* Note: [[TMP-SMX]] contraindicated.
::::*1.3 '''Infants >6 months of age-children'''
::::::* Preferred regimen(1): [[Azithromycin]] 10 mg/kg (500 mg max) qd for 5 days
::::::* Preferred regimen(2): [[Clarithromycin]] 15 mg/kg (1 g daily max) bid for 7 days
::::::* Preferred regimen(3): [[Erythromycin]] 10mg/kg PO (2g daily max) qid for 14 days
::::::* Preferred regimen(4): [[TMP-SMX]] 4 mg/40 mg/kg bid for 14 days.
::::::* Note(1): [[TMP-SMX]] should only be used in patients ≥2 months of age who are allergic or intolerant of macrolides or who have a macrolide-resistant strain.
::::::* Note(2): Although fluoroquinolones have excellent in vitro sensitivity profiles, clinical experience for B. pertussis is limited.
{{PBI|Burkholderia cepacia}}
::* Burkholderia cepacia<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftazidime]] 2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1-2g IV q8h {{or}} [[Minocycline]] 100 mg IV/PO bid.
{{PBI|Burkholderia pseudomallei}}
::* Burkholderia pseudomallei
:::*'''1.Melioidosis'''<ref name="pmid22970946">{{vcite2 journal |vauthors=Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ |title=Melioidosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=367 |issue=11 |pages=1035–44 |year=2012 |pmid=22970946 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204699 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
::::*1.1.Intial intensive therapy (Minimum of 10-14 days)
:::::* Preferred regimen : [[Ceftazidime]] 50 mg/kg upto 2 g q6h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 25mg/kg upto 1g q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 25 mg/kg upto 1g
:::::* Note : Any one of the three may be combined with [[TMP-SMX]]6/30 mg/kg upto 320/1600 mg/kg q12h (recommended for neurologic, bone, joint, cutaneous and prostatic melioidosis)
::::*1.2.Eradication therapy (Minimum of 3months)
:::::* Preferred regimen : [[TMP-SMX]]6/30 mg/kg upto 320/1600 mg/kg q12h
{{PBI|Campylobacter}}
{{PBI|Campylobacter fetus}}
::*Campylobacter fetus<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Serious infections
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Gentamicin]] 5mg/kg/day IV {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 1mg IV q6h {{or}} [[Ceftriaxone]] 2g IV q12h.
:::*Endovascular infections
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Aminoglycoside]]4-6weeks combined with [[Carbapenem]].
:::*CNS
::::*preferred regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] {{or}} [[Chloramphenicol]] for 2-3weeks.
{{PBI|Campylobacter jejuni}}
{{PBI|Capnocytophaga canimorsus}}
::*Capnocytophaga canimorsus<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*'''1.Severe Cellulitis/Sepsis or Endocarditis'''
::::*Preferred regimen
:::::*Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor : [[Ampicillin]]/[[sulbactam]] 3 g IV q6h
:::::*Non-beta-lactamase producing : [[Penicillin G]] 2-4MU q4h IV
::::*Alternative regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2 g IV q24h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1 g IV q8h.
:::*'''2.Complicated infections or Immunocompromise'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Clindamycin]] 600 mg IV q8h may be combined with above agents
::::*Note (1): Resistance to aztreonam described, and variable susceptibility reported to [[TMP-SMX]] and aminoglycosides.
::::*Note (2): For endocarditis, alternatives to penicillins not well established, treated for duration of 6 weeks. For non-endocarditis infections, duration not well established, but most authorities recommend at least 14-21 days of therapy.
:::*'''3.Mild Cellulitis/Dog or Cat Bites'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Amoxicillin/clavulanate]] 500 mg PO q8h or 875 mg PO bid {{or}} [[Amoxicillin]] 500 mg PO q8h.
::::*Alternative regimen : [[Clindamycin]] 300 mg PO q6h {{or}} [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO bid {{or}} [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg PO bid {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg PO OD.
:::*'''4.Meningitis or brain abscess'''
::::*Preferred regimen : Use [[Ceftriaxone]] 2 g IV q12h {{and}} [[Ampicillin]] 2 g IV q4h
::::*If Beta-lactamase producing or polymicrobial brain abscess : [[Imipenem]]/[[cilastin]] 1000 mg q6-8h {{and}} [[Clindamycin]] 600 mg IV q8h
:::*'''5.Prevention'''
::::*Although no firm data supports this recommendation, many clinicians do give prophylaxis for dog and cat bites in asplenic patients with [[amoxicillin/clavulanate]] for 7-10 days.
{{PBI|Citrobacter freundii}}
::* Citrobacter freundii<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Meropenem]] 1-2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IVq8h{{or}} [[Cefepime]] 1-2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h(or 500 mg PO bid for UTI) {{or}} [[Gentamicin]] 5 mg/kg/day.
:::* Alternate regimen: [[Piperacillin]]/[[tazobactam]] 3.375 mg q6h IV {{or}} [[Aztreonam]] 1-2 g IV q6h {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg q6h IV (or DS PO bid for UTI).
{{PBI|Citrobacter koseri}}
::* Citrobacter koseri<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2 g IV q12-24 {{or}} [[Cefotaxime]] 1-2 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Cefepime]] 1-2 IV q8h.
:::* Alternate regimen: [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h (or 500 mg PO q12h for UTI){{or}} [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IV q8h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1-2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Aztreonam]] 1-2 g IV q6h{{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg q6h IV (or DS PO bid for UTI).
:::*Note: Usually [[Ampicillin]] resistant, but may be sensitive to [[Cephalosporins|first generation cephalosporins]]
{{PBI|Elizabethkingia meningoseptica}}
{{PBI|Enterobacter aerogenes}}
:* [[Enterobacter aerogenes]]
::*'''1.UTI'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred regimen: [[Ciprofloxacin]] 250 mg PO bid
{{PBI|Enterobacter cloacae}}
:* [[Enterobacter cloacae]]
::*'''1.UTI'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred regimen: [[Ciprofloxacin]] 250 mg PO bid {{PBI|Escherichia coli}}
::* Escherichia coli<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*1.'''Meningitits'''
::::*1.1.Preferred regimen: [[Ceftriaxone]] 4 g IV q12–24h {{or}} [[Cefotaxime]] 8–12 g/day q4–6h
::::*1.2.Alternative regimen: [[Aztreonam]] 6–8 g/day IV q6–8h {{or}} [[Gatifloxacin]] 400 mg/day IV q24h {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg/day IV q24h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 6 g/day IV q8h {{or}} [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 10–20 mg/kg/day q6–12h {{or}}  [[Ampicillin]] 12 g/day IV q4h
:::*'''2.Uncomplicated urinary tract infection'''
::::*2.1.Preferred agents (IDSA/AUA Guidelines): [[TMP-SMX]] DS PO bid for 3-day
::::*2.2.Alternative regimen(1): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 250 mg PO bid {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500 mg XR once daily for 3 days {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 250 mg PO OD for 3 days.
::::*2.3.Alternative regimen(2): [[Nitrofurantoin]] 100 mg PO q6h {{or}} [[Nitrofurantoin]] macrocrystals (Macrobid) 100 mg PO bid for 7 days.
::::*2.4.Alternative regimen(3): [[Fosfomycin]] 3 g sachet PO single dose.
::::: Note: For older patients, those with comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus) use 7-10 days course.
:::*'''3.Pyelonephritis'''
::::*3.1.'''Acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis'''
:::::*Preferred regimen: [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500 mg bid PO for 5-7 days {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]]-[[Erythromycin]] 1000 mg q24h {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 750 mg q24h {{or}} [[Ofloxacin]] 400 mg bid, [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg q24h
:::::*Alternative regimen: [[Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid]]875/125 mg PO q12h or 500/125 mg PO tid or 1000 /125 mg PO bid {{or}} Oral Cephalosporins {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 2 mg/kg IV q6h PO for 14 days
::::*3.1.'''Acute pyelonephritis (Hospitalized)'''
:::::*Preferred regimen: [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h {{or}} [[Ampicillin]] and [[Gentamicin]] {{or}} [[Piperacillin-Tazobactam]] 3.375 gm IV q4-6h for 14 days.
:::::*Alternative regimen: [[Ticarcillin-Clavulanate]]3.1 gm IV q6h or [[Ampicillin]]-[[Sulbactam]] 3 gm IV q6h or [[Piperacillin-Tazobactam]] 3.375 gm IV q4-6h {{or}} [[Ertapenem]] 1 gm IV q24h or [[Doripenem]] 500 mg q8h for 14 days.
:::*4.'''Traveler’s diarrhea'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 750 mg PO OD for 1-3 days or other Fluoroquinolones
::::*Pediatrics & pregnancy: [[Azithromycin]] 10 mg/kg/day single dose {{or}} [[Ceftriaxone]] 50 mg/kg/day IV OD for 3 days.
::::Avoid Fluoroquinolones in Pediatrics and pregnancy.
:::*5.'''Malacoplakia'''
::::*[[Bethanechol chloride]] {{and}} ([[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 2 mg/kg (TMP component) IV q6h)     
:::*'''6.Bacteremia/Pneumonia'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2g IV q24h {{or}} other third or fourth generation cephalosporin {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400mg IV q12h or 500mg PO q12h {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 500mg PO/IV q24h {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400mg IV/PO q24h {{or}} [[Ampicillin]](if sensitive) 2g IV q6h {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]](if sensitive) 5-10mg/kg/day for q6-8hIV
::::*Alternative regimen (1): [[Imipenem]], [[Meropenem]], [[Ertapenem]], [[Doripenem]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[Cefepime]], [[Cefazolin]] or [[Cefuroxime]](if sensitive), [[Aztreonam]], [[Ticarcillin]], [[Piperacillin]], [[Piperacillin]]-[[Tazobactam]], [[Aminoglycosides]], [[Tigecycline]](intra-abd or skin/softtissue).
::::*Alternative regimen (2): [[Ampicillin-sulbactam]] 3g IV q6h {{and}}[[Gentamicin]] 1.5mg/kg/q8h or 5-7mg/kg/dayIV {{or}} [[Gentamicin]] 5mg/kg/day {{or}} [[Tobramycin]] 5mg/kg/dayIV for 7-14days
::::*Note: Monotherapy generally not recommended for bacteremia/pneumonia
{{PBI|Francisella tularensis}}
::*Francisella tularensis<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*'''1.Tularemia'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Streptomycin]] 1 g IM bid {{or}} [[Gentamicin]] 5 mg/kg/day IV for 10 days.
::::*Alternative regimen : [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg IV  bid {{or}} [[Chloramphenicol]] 1 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV bid until stable then PO for 14-21 days (total).
::::*1.1.Pregnancy
:::::*Preferred regimen : [[Gentamicin]] 5 mg/kg/day IV for 10 days.
:::::*Alternative regimen : [[Ciprofloxacin]].
{{PBI|Helicobacter pylori}}
::* Helicobacter pylori<ref name="pmid22491499">{{vcite2 journal |vauthors=Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, et al. |title=Management of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report |journal=Gut |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=646–64 |year=2012 |pmid=22491499 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302084 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
:::* '''1.Peptic ulcer disease'''
::::*1.1.Regimens for Initial Treatment
:::::*1.1.1.Triple therapy : PPI(standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid {{and}} [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg bid  for 7-14 days
:::::*1.1.2.Quadruple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Metronidazole]]  250 mg q6h {{and}} [[Tetracycline]] 500 mg q6h {{and}} Bismuth (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
:::::*1.1.3.Sequential therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily){{and}} [[Amoxicillin]]  1 g bid for 1-5 days followed by PPI (standard dose twice daily){{and}} [[Clarithromycin]] 500 mg bid {{and}} [[Tinidazole]] 500 mg bid for  6-10 days
::::*1.2. Second-Line Therapies
:::::*1.2.1.Triple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid {{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 500 mg bid
:::::*1.2.2.Quadruple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily){{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 250 mg q6h {{and}} [[Tetracycline]] 500 mg q6h {{and}} Bismuth (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
:::::*1.2.3.Levofloxacin triple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) {{and}} [[Amoxicillin]] 1 g bid  {{and}}  [[Levofloxacin]] 500 mg bid for 10 days
:::::*1.2.4.Rifabutin triple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily)  and  [[Amoxicillin]]  1 g bid {{and}} [[Rifabutin]] 150-300 mg/day  for 10 days
::::*1.3.Alternative triple therapies appropriate for patients with an allergy to Amoxicillin include (PPI {{and}} [[Clarithromycin]] {{and}} [[Metronidazole]]){{ or}} ([[PPI]] {{and}} [[Tetracycline]] {{and}} [[Metronidazole]]).
----
{{PBI|Klebsiella granulomatis}}
:* '''Klebsiella granulomatis''' (formly known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
::*1. '''Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)'''<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1545-8601| volume = 64| issue = RR-03| pages = 1–137| last1 = Workowski| first1 = Kimberly A.| last2 = Bolan| first2 = Gail A.| title = Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015| journal = MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control| date = 2015-06-05| pmid = 26042815}}</ref>
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Azithromycin]] 1 g PO once a week or 500 mg qd for 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
:::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Doxycycline]] 100 mg PO bid for 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
:::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 750 mg PO bid for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
:::* Alternative regimen (3): [[Erythromycin]] base 500 mg PO qid for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
:::* Alternative regimen (4): [[Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]] one double-strength (160 mg/800 mg) tablet PO bid for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
----
{{PBI|Klebsiella pneumoniae}}
::* Klebsiella pneumoniae<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*'''1.Severe,nosocomial infection'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Cefepime]] 2g IV q8h {{or}} [[Ceftazidime]] 2g IV q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 500mg IV q6h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1g IV q8h {{or}} [[Piperacillin]]-[[tazobactam]] 4.5 g IV q6h {{and}} [[Aminoglycoside]] {{or}} Respiratory fluoroquinolone
::::*For coverage of ESBLs in pneumonia,sepsis,complicated UTI or intra-abdominal infections :[[Imipenem]] 500mg IV q6h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1g IV q8h {{or}} [[Ertapenem]] 1g IV q24h {{or}} [[Doripenem]] 500mg IV q8h
::::*In ESBLs,inconsistent activity seen with aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and piperacillin-tazobactam. Avoid cephalosporins
::::*Alternate regimen : ([[Ceftriaxone]] 1 gm IV q24h {{and}} [[Metronidazole]] 500 mg IV q6h or 1 gm IV q12h) {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg IV/po q24h
----
{{PBI|Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis}}
::* '''1. Rhinoscleroma'''<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s00405-013-2649-z| issn = 1434-4726| volume = 271| issue = 7| pages = 1851–1856| last1 = Mukara| first1 = B. K.| last2 = Munyarugamba| first2 = P.| last3 = Dazert| first3 = S.| last4 = Löhler| first4 = J.| title = Rhinoscleroma: a case series report and review of the literature| journal = European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery| date = 2014-07| pmid = 23904142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1086/592966| issn = 1537-6591| volume = 47| issue = 11| pages = 1396–1402| last1 = de Pontual| first1 = Loïc| last2 = Ovetchkine| first2 = Philippe| last3 = Rodriguez| first3 = Diana| last4 = Grant| first4 = Audrey| last5 = Puel| first5 = Anne| last6 = Bustamante| first6 = Jacinta| last7 = Plancoulaine| first7 = Sabine| last8 = Yona| first8 = Laurent| last9 = Lienhart| first9 = Pierre-Yves| last10 = Dehesdin| first10 = Danièle| last11 = Huerre| first11 = Michel| last12 = Tournebize| first12 = Régis| last13 = Sansonetti| first13 = Philippe| last14 = Abel| first14 = Laurent| last15 = Casanova| first15 = Jean Laurent| title = Rhinoscleroma: a French national retrospective study of epidemiological and clinical features| journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America| date = 2008-12-01| pmid = 18947330}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3109/00016489.2010.539264| issn = 1651-2251| volume = 131| issue = 4| pages = 440–446| last1 = Gaafar| first1 = Hazem A.| last2 = Gaafar| first2 = Alaa H.| last3 = Nour| first3 = Yasser A.| title = Rhinoscleroma: an updated experience through the last 10 years| journal = Acta Oto-Laryngologica| date = 2011-04| pmid = 21198342}}</ref>
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500–750 mg PO bid for 2–3 months {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 750 mg PO qd for 2–3 months
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole]] 1 DS tab PO bid for 3 months {{and}} [[Rifampicin]] 300 mg PO bid for 3 months
:::* Alternative regimen: [[Tetracycline]] {{or}} [[Streptomycin]] {{or}} [[Doxycycline]]  {{or}} [[Ceftriaxone]] {{or}} [[Ofloxacin]]
:::* Note (1): The optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy remains unclear. A 6-week to 6-month cours of antibiotics until histology exams and cultures are negative may be required.
:::* Note (2): Use of topical antiseptics such as [[Acriflavinium]] and [[Rifampin]] ointment has been reported with resolution of symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s00405-013-2649-z| issn = 1434-4726| volume = 271| issue = 7| pages = 1851–1856| last1 = Mukara| first1 = B. K.| last2 = Munyarugamba| first2 = P.| last3 = Dazert| first3 = S.| last4 = Löhler| first4 = J.| title = Rhinoscleroma: a case series report and review of the literature| journal = European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery| date = 2014-07| pmid = 23904142}}</ref>
----
{{PBI|Legionella pneumophila}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::* Preferred regimen: [[Levofloxacin]] 750mg PO/IV OD for 7-10days {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400mg PO/IV OD for 7-10 days {{or}} [[Azithromycin]] 500mg PO/IV OD for 7-10days {{or}} [[Rifampin]] 300mg PO/IV bid(optional) {{and}} any other agent listed.
:::* Alternative regimen: [[Erythromycin]] 1g IV q6h and then 500mg PO q6h for 7-10days {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]]400mg IV q12h then 750mg PO bid 7-10days
{{PBI|Moraxella catarrhalis}}
:::* Pneumonia
::::* Preferred regimen:[[Amoxicillin-Clavulanate]](Augmentin)875/125mg PO bid or XL 2000/125 PO bid {{or}}Oral cephalosporins such as [[Cefprozil]](Cefzil)200-500mg bid {{or}} [[Cefpodoxime]](Vantin)200-400mg bid {{or}} [[Cefuroxime]](Ceftin)250-500mg bid {{or}} [[Cefdinir]](Omnicef)300mg bid {{or}} Parenteral cephalosporins such as [[Cefuroxime]] {{or}} [[Cefotaxime]] {{or}} [[Ceftriaxone]] {{or}} Macrolides such as [[Erythromycin]] 500mg PO q6h  {{or}} [[Clarithromycin]] 500mg bid or XL 1g PO {{or}} [[Azithromycin]] 500mg single dose then 250mg PO, {{or}} Flouroquinolones such as [[Moxifloxacin]](Avelox) 400mg IV/PO OD {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]](Levaquin)500mg IV/PO OD {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] DS PO bid
{{PBI|Morganella morganii}}
::*Morganella morganii<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred regimen : [[Imipenem]] 500mg IV q6h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1.0g IV q8h (adjustdose if necessary for renalfunction).
:::*Note (1): [[Carbapenems]] are considered first line therapy due to inducible cephalosporinases, and presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in some isolates.
:::*Note (2): Duration of treatment for UTI(generallycomplicated) is 7days and Duration of treatment for bacteremia is 14days.
:::*Note (3): [[Tigecycline]] is not reliably effective
:::*Alternative Regimen (1) : [[Cefepime]] 2.0 g IV q8-12h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500 mg PO/400mg IV q12h {{or}} [[Piperacillin]] 3g IV q6h {{or}} [[Ticarcillin]] 3g IV q4h
:::*Alternative Regimen (2) : [[Aminoglycosides]] can be used alone for treatment of UTI,[[Gentamicin]] {{or}} [[Tobramycin]] 1mg/kg/day IV {{or}} [[Amikacin]] 3mg/kg/day
{{PBI|Plesiomonas shigelloides}}
::*Plesiomonas shigelloides<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*'''1.Immunocompetent Hosts or Severe Infection'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg PO bid or 400mg IV q12h.
::::*Alternative regimen (1): [[Ofloxacin]] 300mg PO bid {{or}} [[Norfloxacin]] 400mg PO bid {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] DS PO bid for 3days.
::::*Alternative regimen (2): [[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2g IV OD used successfully in severe cases.
:::*'''2.Immunocompromised Hosts'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg PO bid for 3days.
::::*Alternative regimen : [[Ofloxacin]] 300mg PO bid {{or}} [[Norfloxacin]] 400mg PO bid {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] DS PO(if susceptible) bid for 3days
{{PBI|Proteus mirabilis}}
::*Proteus mirabilis<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ampicillin]] 500 mg PO q6h or 2 g IV q6h.
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Cefuroxime]] 250 mg PO bid or 750 mg IV q8h.
:::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 250-500 mg PO bid or 400 mg IV q12h.
:::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Levofloxacin]] 500 mg PO OD or 500 mg IV q24h.
:::* Note: Uncomplicated UTI 3 days, pyelonephritis 7-14 days, complicated UTI 10-21 days and bacteremia 7-14 days.
{{PBI|Indole positive Proteus species}}
::*Indole positive Proteus species<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ceftriaxone]] 1 g IV q24h.
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Imipenem]] 500 mg IV q6h.
:::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h or 250-500 mg PO bid.
:::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Levofloxacin]] 500 mg IV/PO q24h.
{{PBI|Providencia}}
::*Providencia<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Complicated UTI/Bacteremia/Acute prostatitis
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500-750mg PO q12h or 400 mg IV q8-12h {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 500mg IV/PO q24h {{or}} [[Piperacillin]]-[[Tazobactam]] 3.375 mg IV q6h {{or}}[[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2g IV q24h (donot use if ESBL suspected or critically ill){{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1g IV q8h (consider if critically ill or ESBL suspected){{or}}[[Amikacin]] 7.5mg/kg IV q12h {{or}} [[Gentamicin]] {{or}} [[Tobramycin]] acceptable if susceptible but many species are resistant.
::::*Note (1) : Duration of treatment for (UTI)is 7days common or 3-5days after defervescence or control/elimination of complicating factors (e.g.,removal of foreign material catheter).
::::*Note (2) : Duration of treatment for (bacteremia)is 10-14days or 3-5days after defervescence or control/elimination of complicatingfactors.
::::*Note (3) : Duration for acute prostatitis(2weeks), shorter than chronic prostatitis(4-6wks)
::::*Alternative regimen : [[TMP-SMX]](Bactrim)DS1 PO q12h for 10-14days {{or}} TMP 5-10 mg/kg/day IV q6h.
{{PBI|Pseudomonas aeruginosa}}
::*Pseudomonas aeruginosa<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred regimen (1) : [[Cefepime]] 2g IV q8h {{or}} [[Ceftazidime]] 2g IV q8h {{or}} [[Piperacillin]] 3-4g IV q4h in (no benefit for pseudomonas from beta-lactamase inhibitor){{or}} [[Ticarcillin]] 3-4g IV q4h(no benefit for pseudomonas from beta-lactamase inhibitor).
:::*Preferred regimen (2) : [[Imipenem]] 500mg—1g IV q6h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1g IV q8h {{or}} [[Doripenem]] 500mg IV q8h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400mg IV q8h {{or}}750mg PO q12h(for less serious infections). [[Aztreonam]] 2g IV q6-8h.[[Colistin]] 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h. [[Polymyxin B]] 0.75-1.25 mg/kg IV q12h [[Gentamicin]] {{or}} [[Tobramycin]] 1.7-2.0 mg/Kg IV q8h or 5-7mg/kg IV {{or}} [[Amikacin]] 2.5mg/kg IV q12h.Usually used in combination with other antimicrobials(preferably beta-lactams).
::::* Note : [[Amikacin]] > [[Tobramycin]] > [[Gentamicin]] with respect to P.aeruginosa susceptibility percentages at most institutions.
{{PBI|Salmonella}}
::*Salmonella<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*'''1.Gastroenteritis'''
::::*Preferred treatment
:::::*Immunocompetent : [[TMP-SMX]] DS PO bid {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg PO bid {{or}} [[Ceftriaxone]] 2gIV/day for 5-7days.
:::::*Immunosuppressed : [[TMP-SMX]] DS PO bid {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg PO bid {{or}} [[Ceftriaxone]] 2gIV/day for ≥14days.
:::*'''2.Typhoidfever'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2g IV q24h then [[Cefixime]] 400mg PO for 10-14days {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400mg IV q12h or 500mg PO bid.
:::*'''3.Non-typhoid(seriousinfection)'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Cephalosporin|3rd generation Cephalosporin]] (Ceftriaxone/Cefotaxime){{or}} [[Fluoroquinolone]]([[Ciprofloxacin]], [[Levofloxacin]])
:::*'''4.Bacteremia'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] 2g IV q24h {{or}} [[Cefotaxime]] 2g IV q6-8h for 7-14days {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400mg IV q12h for 7-14days
:::*'''5.Vascular prosthesis infection'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]], [[Cefotaxime]] {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400mg IV q12h for 6wks
:::*'''6.Osteomyelitis'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] 2g IV q24h {{or}} [[Cefotaxime]] 2g IV q6-8h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 750mg PO bid for ≥4wks
:::*'''7.Arthritis'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] 2g IV q24h {{or}} [[Cefotaxime]] 2g IVq 6-8h for 6weeks.
:::*'''8.Endocarditis'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] 2g IV q24h {{or}} [[Cefotaxime]] 2g IV q6-8h for 6weeks.
:::*'''9.UTI'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]], [[Cefotaxime]] {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] IV for 1-2weeks, then [[Ciprofloxacin|oral Ciprofloxacin]] {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] for 6weeks
:::*'''10.HIV and salmonellosis'''
::::*Preferred regimen : IV [[Cephalosporin]] {{or}} IV [[Fluoroquinolone]], then oral Flouroquinolones([[Ciprofloxacin]] 500-750mg PO bid for 4weeks).
::::*Note : If relapse occurs within 6weeks give life-long abx or until immune recovery post-ART
:::*'''11.Carrier state''' : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg PO bid for 4-6weeks {{or}} [[TMP-SMX]] 1DS bid PO for 6weeks{{or}} [[Amoxicillin]] 500mg PO for 6weeks.
{{PBI|Serratia marcescens}}
::*Serratia marcescens<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*'''1.Bacteremia,Pneumonia or SeriousInfections'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Cefepime]] 1-2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 0.5-1.0 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400mg IV q8h.
::::*Alternative regimen : [[Aztreonam]], [[Gentamicin]] {{or}} [[Amikacin]] {{or}} [[Piperacillin]]/[[tazobactam]] also often effective.
::::*Note : Duration depends on clinical response,usually 7-14days.
:::*'''2.Endocarditis'''
::::*Preferred regimen : Choice dictated by sensitivities. 4to6 week duration of parenteral therapy.
:::*'''3.Osteomyelitis'''
::::*Preferred regimen : Choice dictated by sensitivity profile. Treat for 6-12weeks depending upon response. Use IV treatment until stable/clinically improved(10-14days min)then may convert to PO therapy if appropriate
:::*'''4.UTI'''
::::*Preferred regimen : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 250mg PO bid or 400mg IV q12h {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 250mg PO everyday or 500mg IV q24h
::::*Note : Fluoroquinolones often sensitive but in seriously ill patient consider empiric coverage with two drugs(e.g.,[[Beta-lactam]] and [[Aminoglycoside]] {{or}} [[Fluoroquinolones]] {{and}} [[Carbapenem]])until susceptibilities known.
{{PBI|Shigella}}
::*Shigella<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred regimen
::::*If known sulfa sensitive : TMP(160mg)/SMX(800mg) PO q12h for 3-5days.
::::*Pediatric dose :  TMP5mg/SMX 25mg/kg PO bid.
::::*If TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500mg {{or}} [[Norfloxacin]] 400mg {{or}} [[Ofloxacin]] 200mg PO bid for 3-5days.
:::*Alternative regimen : [[Ceftriaxone]] 1g IV q24h {{or}}} [[Azithromycin]] 500mg PO single dose, then 250mg PO for 4days {{or}} [[Nalidixicacid]] 250mg PO q6h or pediatric dose 55kg/day) {{or}} [[Ampicillin]](500mg PO q6h depending on susceptibility patterns.
:::*Note : In southeast Asia, growing resistance seen to fluoroquinolones, azithromycin maybe preferred.
{{PBI|Stenotrophomonas maltophilia}}
::*Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred treatment : [[TMP-SMX]] 15-20(TMP component)mg/kg/day IV/PO q8h.
:::*Alternative treatment (1) : [[Ceftazidime]] 2g IV q8h {{or}} [[Ticarcillin]]/[[clavulanate]] 3.1g IV q4h {{or}} [[Tigecycline]] 100mg IV Single dose,then 50mg IV q12h.
:::*Alternative treatment (2) : [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500-750mg PO /400mg IV q12h {{or}} [[Moxifloxacin]] 400mg PO/IV {{or}} [[Levofloxacin]] 750mg PO/IV .
:::*Alternative treatment (3) : Multiply-resistantance [[Colistin]] 2.5mg/kg q12h IV.
:::*Note : Treatment duration uncertain,but usually ≥14days
{{PBI|Vibrio cholerae}}
{{PBI|Vibrio parahaemolyticus}}
{{PBI|Vibrio vulnificus}}
----

Revision as of 19:30, 16 July 2015

  • 1. Bacteremia[1]
  • 1.1 Ampicillin or Penicillin susceptible
  • 1.2 Ampicillin resistant and vancomycin susceptible or Penicillin allergy
  • 1.3 Ampicillin and Vancomycin resistant
  • Preferred regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h
  • 2.1 Endocarditis in Adults
  • 2.1.1 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin
  • Preferred regimen: (Ampicillin 12 g IV q24h for 4–6 weeks OR Aqueous crystalline penicillin G sodium 18–30 MU IV q24h for 4–6 weeks) AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 4–6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Vancomycin hydrochloride 30 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • Note (1): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms ≤ 3 months, a 4-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (2): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms > 3 months, a 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (3): In case of prosthetic valve or other prosthetic cardiac material, a minimum of 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • 2.1.2 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin and Resistant to Gentamicin
  • 2.1.3 Strains Resistant to Penicillin and Susceptible to Aminoglycoside and Vancomycin
  • 2.1.3.1 β Lactamase–producing strain
  • 2.1.3.2 Intrinsic penicillin resistance
  • 2.1.4 Strains Resistant to Penicillin, Aminoglycoside, and Vancomycin
  • 2.2 Endocarditis in Pediatrics
  • 2.2.1 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin
  • Preferred regimen: (Ampicillin 300 mg/kg IV q24h for 4–6 weeks OR Penicillin 0.3 MU/kg IV q24h for 4–6 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h 4–6 weeks
  • Note (1): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms ≤ 3 months, a 4-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (2): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms > 3 months, a 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (3): In case of prosthetic valve or other prosthetic cardiac material, a minimum of 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Alternate regimen : Vancomycin 40 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • 2.2.2 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin and Resistant to Gentamicin
  • 2.2.3 Strains Resistant to Penicillin and Susceptible to Aminoglycoside and Vancomycin
  • 2.2.3.1 β Lactamase–producing strain
  • 2.2.3.2 Intrinsic penicillin resistance
  • 2.2.4 Strains Resistant to Penicillin, Aminoglycoside, and Vancomycin
  • 3. Meningitis[4]
  • 3.1 Ampicillin susceptible
  • 3.2 Ampicillin resistant
  • 3.3 Ampicillin and vancomycin resistant
  • 4. Urinary tract infections [5]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Nitrofurantoin 100 mg PO q6h for 5 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Fosfomycin 3 g PO single dose
  • Preferred regimen (3): Amoxicillin 875 mg to 1 g PO q12h for 5 days
  • 5. Intra abdominal or Wound infections [6]
  • Preferred regimen(1): Penicillin
  • Preferred regimen(2): Ampicillin
  • Alternative regimen(Penicillin allergy or high-level Penicillin resistance): Vancomycin
  • Alternative regimen(For complicated skin-skin structure and intra-abdominal infection): Tigecycline 100 mg IV single dose and 50 mg IV q12h
  • 1. Bacteremia[7]
  • 1.1 Ampicillin or Penicillin susceptible
  • 1.2 Ampicillin resistant and vancomycin susceptible or Penicillin allergy
  • 1.3 Ampicillin and Vancomycin resistant
  • Preferred regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h
  • 2. Endocarditis
  • 2.1 Endocarditis in Adults
  • 2.1.1 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin
  • Preferred regimen: (Ampicillin 12 g/day IV for 4–6 weeks OR Aqueous crystalline penicillin G sodium 18–30 MU/day IV for 4–6 weeks) AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 4–6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Vancomycin hydrochloride 30 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • Alternate regimen: Vancomycin hydrochloride 30 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • Note (1): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms ≤ 3 months, a 4-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (2): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms > 3 months, a 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (3): In case of prosthetic valve or other prosthetic cardiac material, a minimum of 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • 2.1.2 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin and Resistant to Gentamicin
  • 2.1.3 Strains Resistant to Penicillin and Susceptible to Aminoglycoside and Vancomycin
  • 2.1.3.1 β Lactamase–producing strain
  • 2.1.3.2 Intrinsic penicillin resistance
  • 2.1.4 Strains Resistant to Penicillin, Aminoglycoside, and Vancomycin
  • 2.2 Endocarditis in Pediatrics
  • 2.2.1 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin
  • Preferred regimen: (Ampicillin 300 mg/kg IV q24h for 4–6 weeks OR Penicillin 0.3MU/kg IV q24h for 4–6 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h 4–6 weeks
  • Alternate regimen : Vancomycin 40 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • Note (1): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms ≤ 3 months, a 4-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (2): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms > 3 months, a 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (3): In case of prosthetic valve or other prosthetic cardiac material, a minimum of 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • 2.2.2 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin and Resistant to Gentamicin
  • 2.2.3 Strains Resistant to Penicillin and Susceptible to Aminoglycoside and Vancomycin
  • 2.2.3.1 β Lactamase–producing strain
  • 2.2.3.2 Intrinsic penicillin resistance
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg IV q24h AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • 2.2.4 Strains Resistant to Penicillin, Aminoglycoside, and Vancomycin
  • 3. Meningitis[4]
  • 3.1 Ampicillin susceptible
  • 3.2 Ampicillin resistant
  • 3.3 Ampicillin and vancomycin resistant
  • 4. Urinary tract infections[8]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Nitrofurantoin 100 mg PO q6h for 5 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Fosfomycin 3 g PO single dose
  • Preferred regimen (3): Amoxicillin 875 mg to 1 g PO q12h for 5 days
  • 5. Intra abdominal or Wound infections [9]
  • Preferred regimen(1): Penicillin
  • Preferred regimen(2): Ampicillin
  • Alternative regimen(Penicillin allergy or high-level Penicillin resistance): Vancomycin
  • Alternative regimen(For complicated skin-skin structure and intra-abdominal infection): Tigecycline 100 mg IV single dose and 50 mg IV q12h


  • Aeromonas hydrophila [10]
  • 1. Diarrhea
  • Preferred regimen(if not self-limiting, or if severe): Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid.
  • Alternate regimen: TMP-SMX single dose PO bid
  • Note: High resistance to sulfa agents described in Taiwan and Spain
  • 2. Skin and soft tissue infection
  • 2.1 Mild infection
  • 2.2 Severe infection or sepsis
  • 3. Prevention
  • Preferred regimen: Frequent recommendations include using a Cephalosporin (e.g.,cefuroxime,ceftriaxone or cefixime) OR a Fluoroquinolone (e.g.,ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin) during treatment with medicinal leeches.
  • Note (1): Duration of antibiotic use is 3-5days, some recommend continuing until wound or eschar resolves
  • Note (2): Aeromonas isolates from leeches have been described as uniformly susceptible to fluoroquinolones.


Bacteria – Gram-Negative Bacilli

  • Preferred regimen (1): Imipenem 0.5-1 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn) 3g q4h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 1-2 g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (4): Colistin 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (5): Tigecycline (Tygacil) 100 mg IV, then 50 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (6): Amikacin 7.5 mg/kg q12h IV or 15 mg/kg/day IV
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2g IV every day
  • Alternative regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2-3g IV q6-8h
  • Alternative regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q8-12h or 750 mg PO bid
  • Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 15-20 mg (TMP)/kg/day IV divided 3 or 4 doses/day or 2 DS PO bid
  • Aeromonas hydrophila[11]
  • 1. Diarrhea
  • Preferred regimen (if not self-limiting, or if severe): Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid.
  • Alternate regimen: TMP-SMX single dose PO bid
  • Note: High resistance to sulfa agents described in Taiwan and Spain
  • 2. Skin and soft tissue infection
  • 2.1 Mild infection
  • 2.2 Severe infection or sepsis
  • 3. Prevention
  • Preferred regimen: Frequent recommendations include using a Cephalosporin (e.g.,cefuroxime, ceftriaxoneorcefixime) OR a Fluoroquinolone (e.g.,ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin) during treatment with medicinal leeches.
  • Note: Aeromonas isolates from leeches have been described as uniformly susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Duration of antibiotic use is 3-5days, some recommend continuing until wound or eschar resolves
  • 1. Cat scratch disease
  • 1.1 If extensive adenopathy
  • 2. Retinitis
  • 3. Bacillary angiomatosis
  • 4. Peliosis hepatitis
  • 5. Oroya fever
  • 6. Endocarditis
  • Bordetella pertussis[13] ::*1. Whooping cough
  • 1.1 Adults
  • 1.2 Infants <6 months of age
  • 1.2.1 Infants <1 month
  • 1.2.2 Infants of 1-5 months of age
  • 1.3 Infants >6 months of age-children
  • Preferred regimen(1): Azithromycin 10 mg/kg (500 mg max) qd for 5 days
  • Preferred regimen(2): Clarithromycin 15 mg/kg (1 g daily max) bid for 7 days
  • Preferred regimen(3): Erythromycin 10mg/kg PO (2g daily max) qid for 14 days
  • Preferred regimen(4): TMP-SMX 4 mg/40 mg/kg bid for 14 days.
  • Note(1): TMP-SMX should only be used in patients ≥2 months of age who are allergic or intolerant of macrolides or who have a macrolide-resistant strain.
  • Note(2): Although fluoroquinolones have excellent in vitro sensitivity profiles, clinical experience for B. pertussis is limited.
  • Burkholderia cepacia[14]
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • 1.1.Intial intensive therapy (Minimum of 10-14 days)
  • Preferred regimen : Ceftazidime 50 mg/kg upto 2 g q6h OR Meropenem 25mg/kg upto 1g q8h OR Imipenem 25 mg/kg upto 1g
  • Note : Any one of the three may be combined with TMP-SMX6/30 mg/kg upto 320/1600 mg/kg q12h (recommended for neurologic, bone, joint, cutaneous and prostatic melioidosis)
  • 1.2.Eradication therapy (Minimum of 3months)
  • Preferred regimen : TMP-SMX6/30 mg/kg upto 320/1600 mg/kg q12h
  • Campylobacter fetus[16]
  • Serious infections
  • Endovascular infections
  • CNS
  • Capnocytophaga canimorsus[17]
  • 1.Severe Cellulitis/Sepsis or Endocarditis
  • Preferred regimen
  • 2.Complicated infections or Immunocompromise
  • Preferred regimen : Clindamycin 600 mg IV q8h may be combined with above agents
  • Note (1): Resistance to aztreonam described, and variable susceptibility reported to TMP-SMX and aminoglycosides.
  • Note (2): For endocarditis, alternatives to penicillins not well established, treated for duration of 6 weeks. For non-endocarditis infections, duration not well established, but most authorities recommend at least 14-21 days of therapy.
  • 3.Mild Cellulitis/Dog or Cat Bites
  • 4.Meningitis or brain abscess
  • 5.Prevention
  • Although no firm data supports this recommendation, many clinicians do give prophylaxis for dog and cat bites in asplenic patients with amoxicillin/clavulanate for 7-10 days.
  • Citrobacter freundii[18]
  • Citrobacter koseri[19]
  • Escherichia coli[22]
  • 1.Meningitits
  • 2.Uncomplicated urinary tract infection
Note: For older patients, those with comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus) use 7-10 days course.
  • 3.Pyelonephritis
  • 3.1.Acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis
  • 3.1.Acute pyelonephritis (Hospitalized)
  • 4.Traveler’s diarrhea
  • Preferred regimen : Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO OD for 1-3 days or other Fluoroquinolones
  • Pediatrics & pregnancy: Azithromycin 10 mg/kg/day single dose OR Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/day IV OD for 3 days.
Avoid Fluoroquinolones in Pediatrics and pregnancy.
  • 5.Malacoplakia
  • 6.Bacteremia/Pneumonia
  • Francisella tularensis[23]
  • 1.Tularemia
  • Helicobacter pylori[24]
  • 1.Peptic ulcer disease
  • 1.1.Regimens for Initial Treatment
  • 1.1.1.Triple therapy : PPI(standard dose twice daily) AND Amoxicillin 1 g bid AND Clarithromycin 500 mg bid for 7-14 days
  • 1.1.2.Quadruple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) AND Metronidazole 250 mg q6h AND Tetracycline 500 mg q6h AND Bismuth (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
  • 1.1.3.Sequential therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily)AND Amoxicillin 1 g bid for 1-5 days followed by PPI (standard dose twice daily)AND Clarithromycin 500 mg bid AND Tinidazole 500 mg bid for 6-10 days
  • 1.2. Second-Line Therapies
  • 1.2.1.Triple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) AND Amoxicillin 1 g bid AND Metronidazole 500 mg bid
  • 1.2.2.Quadruple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily)AND Metronidazole 250 mg q6h AND Tetracycline 500 mg q6h AND Bismuth (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
  • 1.2.3.Levofloxacin triple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) AND Amoxicillin 1 g bid AND Levofloxacin 500 mg bid for 10 days
  • 1.2.4.Rifabutin triple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) and Amoxicillin 1 g bid AND Rifabutin 150-300 mg/day for 10 days
  • Klebsiella granulomatis (formly known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
  • 1. Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)[25]
  • Preferred regimen: Azithromycin 1 g PO once a week or 500 mg qd for 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (2): Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO bid for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (3): Erythromycin base 500 mg PO qid for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (4): Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole one double-strength (160 mg/800 mg) tablet PO bid for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae[26]
  • 1.Severe,nosocomial infection
  • Preferred regimen: Levofloxacin 750mg PO/IV OD for 7-10days OR Moxifloxacin 400mg PO/IV OD for 7-10 days OR Azithromycin 500mg PO/IV OD for 7-10days OR Rifampin 300mg PO/IV bid(optional) AND any other agent listed.
  • Alternative regimen: Erythromycin 1g IV q6h and then 500mg PO q6h for 7-10days OR Ciprofloxacin400mg IV q12h then 750mg PO bid 7-10days
  • Pneumonia
  • Morganella morganii[32]
  • Preferred regimen : Imipenem 500mg IV q6h OR Meropenem 1.0g IV q8h (adjustdose if necessary for renalfunction).
  • Note (1): Carbapenems are considered first line therapy due to inducible cephalosporinases, and presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in some isolates.
  • Note (2): Duration of treatment for UTI(generallycomplicated) is 7days and Duration of treatment for bacteremia is 14days.
  • Note (3): Tigecycline is not reliably effective
  • Alternative Regimen (1) : Cefepime 2.0 g IV q8-12h OR Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO/400mg IV q12h OR Piperacillin 3g IV q6h OR Ticarcillin 3g IV q4h
  • Alternative Regimen (2) : Aminoglycosides can be used alone for treatment of UTI,Gentamicin OR Tobramycin 1mg/kg/day IV OR Amikacin 3mg/kg/day
  • Plesiomonas shigelloides[33]
  • 1.Immunocompetent Hosts or Severe Infection
  • Preferred regimen : Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO bid or 400mg IV q12h.
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ofloxacin 300mg PO bid OR Norfloxacin 400mg PO bid OR TMP-SMX DS PO bid for 3days.
  • Alternative regimen (2): Ceftriaxone 1-2g IV OD used successfully in severe cases.
  • 2.Immunocompromised Hosts
  • Proteus mirabilis[34]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ampicillin 500 mg PO q6h or 2 g IV q6h.
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefuroxime 250 mg PO bid or 750 mg IV q8h.
  • Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 250-500 mg PO bid or 400 mg IV q12h.
  • Preferred regimen (4): Levofloxacin 500 mg PO OD or 500 mg IV q24h.
  • Note: Uncomplicated UTI 3 days, pyelonephritis 7-14 days, complicated UTI 10-21 days and bacteremia 7-14 days.
  • Indole positive Proteus species[35]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1 g IV q24h.
  • Preferred regimen (2): Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h.
  • Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h or 250-500 mg PO bid.
  • Preferred regimen (4): Levofloxacin 500 mg IV/PO q24h.
  • Complicated UTI/Bacteremia/Acute prostatitis
  • Preferred regimen : Ciprofloxacin 500-750mg PO q12h or 400 mg IV q8-12h OR Levofloxacin 500mg IV/PO q24h OR Piperacillin-Tazobactam 3.375 mg IV q6h ORCeftriaxone 1-2g IV q24h (donot use if ESBL suspected or critically ill)OR Meropenem 1g IV q8h (consider if critically ill or ESBL suspected)ORAmikacin 7.5mg/kg IV q12h OR Gentamicin OR Tobramycin acceptable if susceptible but many species are resistant.
  • Note (1) : Duration of treatment for (UTI)is 7days common or 3-5days after defervescence or control/elimination of complicating factors (e.g.,removal of foreign material catheter).
  • Note (2) : Duration of treatment for (bacteremia)is 10-14days or 3-5days after defervescence or control/elimination of complicatingfactors.
  • Note (3) : Duration for acute prostatitis(2weeks), shorter than chronic prostatitis(4-6wks)
  • Alternative regimen : TMP-SMX(Bactrim)DS1 PO q12h for 10-14days OR TMP 5-10 mg/kg/day IV q6h.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa[37]
  • 1.Gastroenteritis
  • Preferred treatment
  • 2.Typhoidfever
  • 3.Non-typhoid(seriousinfection)
  • 4.Bacteremia
  • 5.Vascular prosthesis infection
  • 6.Osteomyelitis
  • 7.Arthritis
  • 8.Endocarditis
  • 9.UTI
  • 10.HIV and salmonellosis
  • Preferred regimen : IV Cephalosporin OR IV Fluoroquinolone, then oral Flouroquinolones(Ciprofloxacin 500-750mg PO bid for 4weeks).
  • Note : If relapse occurs within 6weeks give life-long abx or until immune recovery post-ART
  • Serratia marcescens[39]
  • 1.Bacteremia,Pneumonia or SeriousInfections
  • 2.Endocarditis
  • Preferred regimen : Choice dictated by sensitivities. 4to6 week duration of parenteral therapy.
  • 3.Osteomyelitis
  • Preferred regimen : Choice dictated by sensitivity profile. Treat for 6-12weeks depending upon response. Use IV treatment until stable/clinically improved(10-14days min)then may convert to PO therapy if appropriate
  • 4.UTI
  • Preferred regimen
  • If known sulfa sensitive : TMP(160mg)/SMX(800mg) PO q12h for 3-5days.
  • Pediatric dose : TMP5mg/SMX 25mg/kg PO bid.
  • If TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility : Ciprofloxacin 500mg OR Norfloxacin 400mg OR Ofloxacin 200mg PO bid for 3-5days.
  • Alternative regimen : Ceftriaxone 1g IV q24h OR} Azithromycin 500mg PO single dose, then 250mg PO for 4days OR Nalidixicacid 250mg PO q6h or pediatric dose 55kg/day) OR Ampicillin(500mg PO q6h depending on susceptibility patterns.
  • Note : In southeast Asia, growing resistance seen to fluoroquinolones, azithromycin maybe preferred.
  • Stenotrophomonas maltophilia[41]
  • Preferred treatment : TMP-SMX 15-20(TMP component)mg/kg/day IV/PO q8h.
  • Alternative treatment (1) : Ceftazidime 2g IV q8h OR Ticarcillin/clavulanate 3.1g IV q4h OR Tigecycline 100mg IV Single dose,then 50mg IV q12h.
  • Alternative treatment (2) : Ciprofloxacin 500-750mg PO /400mg IV q12h OR Moxifloxacin 400mg PO/IV OR Levofloxacin 750mg PO/IV .
  • Alternative treatment (3) : Multiply-resistantance Colistin 2.5mg/kg q12h IV.
  • Note : Treatment duration uncertain,but usually ≥14days
  1. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  2. ↑ Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Kaufman BA, Roos KL, Scheld WM; et al. (2004). "Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis". Clin Infect Dis. 39 (9): 1267–84. doi:10.1086/425368. PMID 15494903.
  5. ↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
  6. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  7. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  8. ↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
  9. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  10. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  11. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  12. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  13. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  14. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  15. ↑ Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ (2012). "Melioidosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 367 (11): 1035–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204699. PMID 22970946.
  16. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  17. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  18. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  19. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  20. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  21. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  22. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  23. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  24. ↑ Lua error: expandTemplate: template "citation error" does not exist.
  25. ↑ Workowski, Kimberly A.; Bolan, Gail A. (2015-06-05). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. ISSN 1545-8601. PMID 26042815.
  26. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  27. ↑ Mukara, B. K.; Munyarugamba, P.; Dazert, S.; Löhler, J. (2014-07). "Rhinoscleroma: a case series report and review of the literature". European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 271 (7): 1851–1856. doi:10.1007/s00405-013-2649-z. ISSN 1434-4726. PMID 23904142. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ↑ de Pontual, Loïc; Ovetchkine, Philippe; Rodriguez, Diana; Grant, Audrey; Puel, Anne; Bustamante, Jacinta; Plancoulaine, Sabine; Yona, Laurent; Lienhart, Pierre-Yves; Dehesdin, Danièle; Huerre, Michel; Tournebize, Régis; Sansonetti, Philippe; Abel, Laurent; Casanova, Jean Laurent (2008-12-01). "Rhinoscleroma: a French national retrospective study of epidemiological and clinical features". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 47 (11): 1396–1402. doi:10.1086/592966. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 18947330.
  29. ↑ Gaafar, Hazem A.; Gaafar, Alaa H.; Nour, Yasser A. (2011-04). "Rhinoscleroma: an updated experience through the last 10 years". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 131 (4): 440–446. doi:10.3109/00016489.2010.539264. ISSN 1651-2251. PMID 21198342. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ↑ Mukara, B. K.; Munyarugamba, P.; Dazert, S.; Löhler, J. (2014-07). "Rhinoscleroma: a case series report and review of the literature". European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 271 (7): 1851–1856. doi:10.1007/s00405-013-2649-z. ISSN 1434-4726. PMID 23904142. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  32. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  33. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  34. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  35. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  36. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  37. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  38. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  39. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  40. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  41. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
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