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{{PBI|Burkholderia cepacia}}
{{PBI|Burkholderia cepacia}}
::* Burkholderia cepacia<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
::* Burkholderia cepacia<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:::*Preferred regimen : [[Ceftazidime]] 2 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1-2g IV q8h {{or}} [[Minocycline]] 100 mg IV/PO bid.
:::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ceftazidime]] 2 g IV q8h  
 
:::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h  
 
:::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Meropenem]] 1-2 g IV q8h  
:::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Minocycline]] 100 mg IV/PO bid.


{{PBI|Burkholderia pseudomallei}}
{{PBI|Burkholderia pseudomallei}}

Revision as of 20:26, 16 July 2015

  • 1. Bacteremia[1]
  • 1.1 Ampicillin or Penicillin susceptible
  • 1.2 Ampicillin resistant and vancomycin susceptible or Penicillin allergy
  • 1.3 Ampicillin and Vancomycin resistant
  • Preferred regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h
  • 2.1 Endocarditis in Adults
  • 2.1.1 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin
  • Preferred regimen: (Ampicillin 12 g IV q24h for 4–6 weeks OR Aqueous crystalline penicillin G sodium 18–30 MU IV q24h for 4–6 weeks) AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 4–6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Vancomycin hydrochloride 30 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • Note (1): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms ≤ 3 months, a 4-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (2): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms > 3 months, a 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (3): In case of prosthetic valve or other prosthetic cardiac material, a minimum of 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • 2.1.2 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin and Resistant to Gentamicin
  • 2.1.3 Strains Resistant to Penicillin and Susceptible to Aminoglycoside and Vancomycin
  • 2.1.3.1 β Lactamase–producing strain
  • 2.1.3.2 Intrinsic penicillin resistance
  • 2.1.4 Strains Resistant to Penicillin, Aminoglycoside, and Vancomycin
  • 2.2 Endocarditis in Pediatrics
  • 2.2.1 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin
  • Preferred regimen: (Ampicillin 300 mg/kg IV q24h for 4–6 weeks OR Penicillin 0.3 MU/kg IV q24h for 4–6 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h 4–6 weeks
  • Note (1): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms ≤ 3 months, a 4-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (2): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms > 3 months, a 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (3): In case of prosthetic valve or other prosthetic cardiac material, a minimum of 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Alternate regimen : Vancomycin 40 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • 2.2.2 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin and Resistant to Gentamicin
  • 2.2.3 Strains Resistant to Penicillin and Susceptible to Aminoglycoside and Vancomycin
  • 2.2.3.1 β Lactamase–producing strain
  • 2.2.3.2 Intrinsic penicillin resistance
  • 2.2.4 Strains Resistant to Penicillin, Aminoglycoside, and Vancomycin
  • 3. Meningitis[4]
  • 3.1 Ampicillin susceptible
  • 3.2 Ampicillin resistant
  • 3.3 Ampicillin and vancomycin resistant
  • 4. Urinary tract infections [5]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Nitrofurantoin 100 mg PO q6h for 5 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Fosfomycin 3 g PO single dose
  • Preferred regimen (3): Amoxicillin 875 mg to 1 g PO q12h for 5 days
  • 5. Intra abdominal or Wound infections [6]
  • Preferred regimen(1): Penicillin
  • Preferred regimen(2): Ampicillin
  • Alternative regimen(Penicillin allergy or high-level Penicillin resistance): Vancomycin
  • Alternative regimen(For complicated skin-skin structure and intra-abdominal infection): Tigecycline 100 mg IV single dose and 50 mg IV q12h
  • 1. Bacteremia[7]
  • 1.1 Ampicillin or Penicillin susceptible
  • 1.2 Ampicillin resistant and vancomycin susceptible or Penicillin allergy
  • 1.3 Ampicillin and Vancomycin resistant
  • Preferred regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h
  • 2. Endocarditis
  • 2.1 Endocarditis in Adults
  • 2.1.1 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin
  • Preferred regimen: (Ampicillin 12 g/day IV for 4–6 weeks OR Aqueous crystalline penicillin G sodium 18–30 MU/day IV for 4–6 weeks) AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 4–6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Vancomycin hydrochloride 30 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • Alternate regimen: Vancomycin hydrochloride 30 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin sulfate 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • Note (1): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms ≤ 3 months, a 4-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (2): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms > 3 months, a 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (3): In case of prosthetic valve or other prosthetic cardiac material, a minimum of 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • 2.1.2 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin and Resistant to Gentamicin
  • 2.1.3 Strains Resistant to Penicillin and Susceptible to Aminoglycoside and Vancomycin
  • 2.1.3.1 β Lactamase–producing strain
  • 2.1.3.2 Intrinsic penicillin resistance
  • 2.1.4 Strains Resistant to Penicillin, Aminoglycoside, and Vancomycin
  • 2.2 Endocarditis in Pediatrics
  • 2.2.1 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin
  • Preferred regimen: (Ampicillin 300 mg/kg IV q24h for 4–6 weeks OR Penicillin 0.3MU/kg IV q24h for 4–6 weeks) AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h 4–6 weeks
  • Alternate regimen : Vancomycin 40 mg/kg IV q24h for 6 weeks AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • Note (1): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms ≤ 3 months, a 4-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (2): In case of native valve endocarditis with symptoms > 3 months, a 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • Note (3): In case of prosthetic valve or other prosthetic cardiac material, a minimum of 6-week course of therapy is recommended.
  • 2.2.2 Strains Susceptible to Penicillin, Streptomycin, and Vancomycin and Resistant to Gentamicin
  • 2.2.3 Strains Resistant to Penicillin and Susceptible to Aminoglycoside and Vancomycin
  • 2.2.3.1 β Lactamase–producing strain
  • 2.2.3.2 Intrinsic penicillin resistance
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 40 mg/kg IV q24h AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg IV/IM q24h for 6 weeks
  • 2.2.4 Strains Resistant to Penicillin, Aminoglycoside, and Vancomycin
  • 3. Meningitis[4]
  • 3.1 Ampicillin susceptible
  • 3.2 Ampicillin resistant
  • 3.3 Ampicillin and vancomycin resistant
  • 4. Urinary tract infections[8]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Nitrofurantoin 100 mg PO q6h for 5 days
  • Preferred regimen (2): Fosfomycin 3 g PO single dose
  • Preferred regimen (3): Amoxicillin 875 mg to 1 g PO q12h for 5 days
  • 5. Intra abdominal or Wound infections [9]
  • Preferred regimen(1): Penicillin
  • Preferred regimen(2): Ampicillin
  • Alternative regimen(Penicillin allergy or high-level Penicillin resistance): Vancomycin
  • Alternative regimen(For complicated skin-skin structure and intra-abdominal infection): Tigecycline 100 mg IV single dose and 50 mg IV q12h


  • Aeromonas hydrophila [10]
  • 1. Diarrhea
  • Preferred regimen(if not self-limiting, or if severe): Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid.
  • Alternate regimen: TMP-SMX single dose PO bid
  • Note: High resistance to sulfa agents described in Taiwan and Spain
  • 2. Skin and soft tissue infection
  • 2.1 Mild infection
  • 2.2 Severe infection or sepsis
  • 3. Prevention
  • Preferred regimen: Frequent recommendations include using a Cephalosporin (e.g.,cefuroxime,ceftriaxone or cefixime) OR a Fluoroquinolone (e.g.,ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin) during treatment with medicinal leeches.
  • Note (1): Duration of antibiotic use is 3-5days, some recommend continuing until wound or eschar resolves
  • Note (2): Aeromonas isolates from leeches have been described as uniformly susceptible to fluoroquinolones.


Bacteria – Gram-Negative Bacilli

  • Preferred regimen (1): Imipenem 0.5-1 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn) 3g q4h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 1-2 g IV q8h
  • Preferred regimen (4): Colistin 2.5 mg/kg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (5): Tigecycline (Tygacil) 100 mg IV, then 50 mg IV q12h
  • Preferred regimen (6): Amikacin 7.5 mg/kg q12h IV or 15 mg/kg/day IV
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2g IV every day
  • Alternative regimen (2): Cefotaxime 2-3g IV q6-8h
  • Alternative regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q8-12h or 750 mg PO bid
  • Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 15-20 mg (TMP)/kg/day IV divided 3 or 4 doses/day or 2 DS PO bid
  • 1. Cat scratch disease
  • 1.1 If extensive adenopathy
  • 2. Retinitis
  • 3. Bacillary angiomatosis
  • 4. Peliosis hepatitis
  • 5. Oroya fever
  • 6. Endocarditis
  • Bordetella pertussis[12] ::*1. Whooping cough
  • 1.1 Adults
  • 1.2 Infants <6 months of age
  • 1.2.1 Infants <1 month
  • 1.2.2 Infants of 1-5 months of age
  • 1.3 Infants >6 months of age-children
  • Preferred regimen(1): Azithromycin 10 mg/kg (500 mg max) qd for 5 days
  • Preferred regimen(2): Clarithromycin 15 mg/kg (1 g daily max) bid for 7 days
  • Preferred regimen(3): Erythromycin 10mg/kg PO (2g daily max) qid for 14 days
  • Preferred regimen(4): TMP-SMX 4 mg/40 mg/kg bid for 14 days.
  • Note(1): TMP-SMX should only be used in patients ≥2 months of age who are allergic or intolerant of macrolides or who have a macrolide-resistant strain.
  • Note(2): Although fluoroquinolones have excellent in vitro sensitivity profiles, clinical experience for B. pertussis is limited.
  • Burkholderia cepacia[13]
  • Preferred regimen (2): Imipenem 1 g IV q6h
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • 1.1.Intial intensive therapy (Minimum of 10-14 days)
  • Preferred regimen : Ceftazidime 50 mg/kg upto 2 g q6h OR Meropenem 25mg/kg upto 1g q8h OR Imipenem 25 mg/kg upto 1g
  • Note : Any one of the three may be combined with TMP-SMX6/30 mg/kg upto 320/1600 mg/kg q12h (recommended for neurologic, bone, joint, cutaneous and prostatic melioidosis)
  • 1.2.Eradication therapy (Minimum of 3months)
  • Preferred regimen : TMP-SMX6/30 mg/kg upto 320/1600 mg/kg q12h
  • Campylobacter fetus[15]
  • Serious infections
  • Endovascular infections
  • CNS
  • Capnocytophaga canimorsus[16]
  • 1.Severe Cellulitis/Sepsis or Endocarditis
  • Preferred regimen
  • 2.Complicated infections or Immunocompromise
  • Preferred regimen : Clindamycin 600 mg IV q8h may be combined with above agents
  • Note (1): Resistance to aztreonam described, and variable susceptibility reported to TMP-SMX and aminoglycosides.
  • Note (2): For endocarditis, alternatives to penicillins not well established, treated for duration of 6 weeks. For non-endocarditis infections, duration not well established, but most authorities recommend at least 14-21 days of therapy.
  • 3.Mild Cellulitis/Dog or Cat Bites
  • 4.Meningitis or brain abscess
  • 5.Prevention
  • Although no firm data supports this recommendation, many clinicians do give prophylaxis for dog and cat bites in asplenic patients with amoxicillin/clavulanate for 7-10 days.
  • Citrobacter freundii[17]
  • Citrobacter koseri[18]
  • Escherichia coli[21]
  • 1.Meningitits
  • 2.Uncomplicated urinary tract infection
Note: For older patients, those with comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus) use 7-10 days course.
  • 3.Pyelonephritis
  • 3.1.Acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis
  • 3.1.Acute pyelonephritis (Hospitalized)
  • 4.Traveler’s diarrhea
  • Preferred regimen : Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO OD for 1-3 days or other Fluoroquinolones
  • Pediatrics & pregnancy: Azithromycin 10 mg/kg/day single dose OR Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/day IV OD for 3 days.
Avoid Fluoroquinolones in Pediatrics and pregnancy.
  • 5.Malacoplakia
  • 6.Bacteremia/Pneumonia
  • Francisella tularensis[22]
  • 1.Tularemia
  • Helicobacter pylori[23]
  • 1.Peptic ulcer disease
  • 1.1.Regimens for Initial Treatment
  • 1.1.1.Triple therapy : PPI(standard dose twice daily) AND Amoxicillin 1 g bid AND Clarithromycin 500 mg bid for 7-14 days
  • 1.1.2.Quadruple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) AND Metronidazole 250 mg q6h AND Tetracycline 500 mg q6h AND Bismuth (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
  • 1.1.3.Sequential therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily)AND Amoxicillin 1 g bid for 1-5 days followed by PPI (standard dose twice daily)AND Clarithromycin 500 mg bid AND Tinidazole 500 mg bid for 6-10 days
  • 1.2. Second-Line Therapies
  • 1.2.1.Triple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) AND Amoxicillin 1 g bid AND Metronidazole 500 mg bid
  • 1.2.2.Quadruple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily)AND Metronidazole 250 mg q6h AND Tetracycline 500 mg q6h AND Bismuth (dose depends on preparation) for 10-14 days
  • 1.2.3.Levofloxacin triple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) AND Amoxicillin 1 g bid AND Levofloxacin 500 mg bid for 10 days
  • 1.2.4.Rifabutin triple therapy: PPI (standard dose twice daily) and Amoxicillin 1 g bid AND Rifabutin 150-300 mg/day for 10 days
  • Klebsiella granulomatis (formly known as Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
  • 1. Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)[24]
  • Preferred regimen: Azithromycin 1 g PO once a week or 500 mg qd for 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid for 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (2): Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO bid for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (3): Erythromycin base 500 mg PO qid for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Alternative regimen (4): Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole one double-strength (160 mg/800 mg) tablet PO bid for at least 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae[25]
  • 1.Severe,nosocomial infection
  • Preferred regimen: Levofloxacin 750mg PO/IV OD for 7-10days OR Moxifloxacin 400mg PO/IV OD for 7-10 days OR Azithromycin 500mg PO/IV OD for 7-10days OR Rifampin 300mg PO/IV bid(optional) AND any other agent listed.
  • Alternative regimen: Erythromycin 1g IV q6h and then 500mg PO q6h for 7-10days OR Ciprofloxacin400mg IV q12h then 750mg PO bid 7-10days
  • Pneumonia
  • Morganella morganii[31]
  • Preferred regimen : Imipenem 500mg IV q6h OR Meropenem 1.0g IV q8h (adjustdose if necessary for renalfunction).
  • Note (1): Carbapenems are considered first line therapy due to inducible cephalosporinases, and presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in some isolates.
  • Note (2): Duration of treatment for UTI(generallycomplicated) is 7days and Duration of treatment for bacteremia is 14days.
  • Note (3): Tigecycline is not reliably effective
  • Alternative Regimen (1) : Cefepime 2.0 g IV q8-12h OR Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO/400mg IV q12h OR Piperacillin 3g IV q6h OR Ticarcillin 3g IV q4h
  • Alternative Regimen (2) : Aminoglycosides can be used alone for treatment of UTI,Gentamicin OR Tobramycin 1mg/kg/day IV OR Amikacin 3mg/kg/day
  • Plesiomonas shigelloides[32]
  • 1.Immunocompetent Hosts or Severe Infection
  • Preferred regimen : Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO bid or 400mg IV q12h.
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ofloxacin 300mg PO bid OR Norfloxacin 400mg PO bid OR TMP-SMX DS PO bid for 3days.
  • Alternative regimen (2): Ceftriaxone 1-2g IV OD used successfully in severe cases.
  • 2.Immunocompromised Hosts
  • Proteus mirabilis[33]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ampicillin 500 mg PO q6h or 2 g IV q6h.
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefuroxime 250 mg PO bid or 750 mg IV q8h.
  • Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 250-500 mg PO bid or 400 mg IV q12h.
  • Preferred regimen (4): Levofloxacin 500 mg PO OD or 500 mg IV q24h.
  • Note: Uncomplicated UTI 3 days, pyelonephritis 7-14 days, complicated UTI 10-21 days and bacteremia 7-14 days.
  • Indole positive Proteus species[34]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1 g IV q24h.
  • Preferred regimen (2): Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h.
  • Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h or 250-500 mg PO bid.
  • Preferred regimen (4): Levofloxacin 500 mg IV/PO q24h.
  • Complicated UTI/Bacteremia/Acute prostatitis
  • Preferred regimen : Ciprofloxacin 500-750mg PO q12h or 400 mg IV q8-12h OR Levofloxacin 500mg IV/PO q24h OR Piperacillin-Tazobactam 3.375 mg IV q6h ORCeftriaxone 1-2g IV q24h (donot use if ESBL suspected or critically ill)OR Meropenem 1g IV q8h (consider if critically ill or ESBL suspected)ORAmikacin 7.5mg/kg IV q12h OR Gentamicin OR Tobramycin acceptable if susceptible but many species are resistant.
  • Note (1) : Duration of treatment for (UTI)is 7days common or 3-5days after defervescence or control/elimination of complicating factors (e.g.,removal of foreign material catheter).
  • Note (2) : Duration of treatment for (bacteremia)is 10-14days or 3-5days after defervescence or control/elimination of complicatingfactors.
  • Note (3) : Duration for acute prostatitis(2weeks), shorter than chronic prostatitis(4-6wks)
  • Alternative regimen : TMP-SMX(Bactrim)DS1 PO q12h for 10-14days OR TMP 5-10 mg/kg/day IV q6h.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa[36]
  • 1.Gastroenteritis
  • Preferred treatment
  • 2.Typhoidfever
  • 3.Non-typhoid(seriousinfection)
  • 4.Bacteremia
  • 5.Vascular prosthesis infection
  • 6.Osteomyelitis
  • 7.Arthritis
  • 8.Endocarditis
  • 9.UTI
  • 10.HIV and salmonellosis
  • Preferred regimen : IV Cephalosporin OR IV Fluoroquinolone, then oral Flouroquinolones(Ciprofloxacin 500-750mg PO bid for 4weeks).
  • Note : If relapse occurs within 6weeks give life-long abx or until immune recovery post-ART
  • Serratia marcescens[38]
  • 1.Bacteremia,Pneumonia or SeriousInfections
  • 2.Endocarditis
  • Preferred regimen : Choice dictated by sensitivities. 4to6 week duration of parenteral therapy.
  • 3.Osteomyelitis
  • Preferred regimen : Choice dictated by sensitivity profile. Treat for 6-12weeks depending upon response. Use IV treatment until stable/clinically improved(10-14days min)then may convert to PO therapy if appropriate
  • 4.UTI
  • Preferred regimen
  • If known sulfa sensitive : TMP(160mg)/SMX(800mg) PO q12h for 3-5days.
  • Pediatric dose : TMP5mg/SMX 25mg/kg PO bid.
  • If TMP/SMX resistant or unknown susceptibility : Ciprofloxacin 500mg OR Norfloxacin 400mg OR Ofloxacin 200mg PO bid for 3-5days.
  • Alternative regimen : Ceftriaxone 1g IV q24h OR} Azithromycin 500mg PO single dose, then 250mg PO for 4days OR Nalidixicacid 250mg PO q6h or pediatric dose 55kg/day) OR Ampicillin(500mg PO q6h depending on susceptibility patterns.
  • Note : In southeast Asia, growing resistance seen to fluoroquinolones, azithromycin maybe preferred.
  • Stenotrophomonas maltophilia[40]
  • Preferred treatment : TMP-SMX 15-20(TMP component)mg/kg/day IV/PO q8h.
  • Alternative treatment (1) : Ceftazidime 2g IV q8h OR Ticarcillin/clavulanate 3.1g IV q4h OR Tigecycline 100mg IV Single dose,then 50mg IV q12h.
  • Alternative treatment (2) : Ciprofloxacin 500-750mg PO /400mg IV q12h OR Moxifloxacin 400mg PO/IV OR Levofloxacin 750mg PO/IV .
  • Alternative treatment (3) : Multiply-resistantance Colistin 2.5mg/kg q12h IV.
  • Note : Treatment duration uncertain,but usually ≥14days
  1. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  2. ↑ Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Kaufman BA, Roos KL, Scheld WM; et al. (2004). "Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis". Clin Infect Dis. 39 (9): 1267–84. doi:10.1086/425368. PMID 15494903.
  5. ↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
  6. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  7. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  8. ↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
  9. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  10. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  11. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  12. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  13. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  14. ↑ Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ (2012). "Melioidosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 367 (11): 1035–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204699. PMID 22970946.
  15. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  16. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  17. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  18. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  19. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  20. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  21. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  22. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  23. ↑ Lua error: expandTemplate: template "citation error" does not exist.
  24. ↑ Workowski, Kimberly A.; Bolan, Gail A. (2015-06-05). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. ISSN 1545-8601. PMID 26042815.
  25. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  26. ↑ Mukara, B. K.; Munyarugamba, P.; Dazert, S.; Löhler, J. (2014-07). "Rhinoscleroma: a case series report and review of the literature". European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 271 (7): 1851–1856. doi:10.1007/s00405-013-2649-z. ISSN 1434-4726. PMID 23904142. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ↑ de Pontual, Loïc; Ovetchkine, Philippe; Rodriguez, Diana; Grant, Audrey; Puel, Anne; Bustamante, Jacinta; Plancoulaine, Sabine; Yona, Laurent; Lienhart, Pierre-Yves; Dehesdin, Danièle; Huerre, Michel; Tournebize, Régis; Sansonetti, Philippe; Abel, Laurent; Casanova, Jean Laurent (2008-12-01). "Rhinoscleroma: a French national retrospective study of epidemiological and clinical features". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 47 (11): 1396–1402. doi:10.1086/592966. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 18947330.
  28. ↑ Gaafar, Hazem A.; Gaafar, Alaa H.; Nour, Yasser A. (2011-04). "Rhinoscleroma: an updated experience through the last 10 years". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 131 (4): 440–446. doi:10.3109/00016489.2010.539264. ISSN 1651-2251. PMID 21198342. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ↑ Mukara, B. K.; Munyarugamba, P.; Dazert, S.; Löhler, J. (2014-07). "Rhinoscleroma: a case series report and review of the literature". European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 271 (7): 1851–1856. doi:10.1007/s00405-013-2649-z. ISSN 1434-4726. PMID 23904142. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  31. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  32. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  33. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  34. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  35. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  36. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  37. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  38. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  39. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  40. ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
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