Staphylococcus aureus infection medical therapy: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 23:12, 7 August 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Medical Therapy

Antimicrobial Regimen

Staphylococcus aureus treatment

1. Infectious endocarditis^[1]

1.1 In adults

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 15-20 mg/kg IV q8-12h
Preferred regimen (2): Daptomycin 6mg/kg/dose IV qd

2. Intravascular catheter-related infections^[2]

2.1 Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 2 g IV q6h
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 g IV q6h
Alternative regimen (1): Cefazolin 2 g IV q8h
Alternative regimen (2): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h

2.1.1 Pediatric dose of Nafcillin

2.1.1.1 Neonates (< 4 weeks)

For < 1200 g: Nafcillin 50 mg/kg/day q12h
For ≤ 7 days of age and 1200–2000 g: Nafcillin 50 mg/kg/day q12h
For ≤ 7 days of age and > 2000 g: Nafcillin 75 mg/kg/day q8h
For > 7 days of age and 1200–2000 g: Nafcillin 75 mg/kg/day q8h
For > 7 days of age and > 2000 g: Nafcillin 100 mg/kg/day q6h

2.1.1.2 Infants and children (> 4 weeks)

Nafcillin 100–200 mg/kg/day q4–6h

2.1.2 Pediatric dose of Oxacillin

2.1.2.1 Neonates (< 4 weeks)

For < 1200 g: Oxacillin 50 mg/kg/day q12h
For Postnatal age < 7 days and 1200–2000 g: Oxacillin 50–100 mg/kg/day q12h
For Postnatal age < 7 days and > 2000 g: Oxacillin 75–150 mg/kg/day q8h
For Postnatal age ≥ 7 days and 1200–2000 g: Oxacillin 75–150 mg/kg/day q8h
For Postnatal age ≥ 7 days and > 2000 g: Oxacillin 100–200 mg/kg/day q6h

2.1.2.2 Infants and children(> 4weeks)

Oxacillin 150–200 mg/kg/day q4–6h

2.1.3 Pediatric dose of Cefazolin

2.1.3.1 Neonates (< 4 weeks)

Postnatal age ≤ 7 days: Cefazolin 40 mg/kg/day q12h
Postnatal age > 7 days and ≤ 2000 g: Cefazolin 40 mg/kg/day q12h

Postnatal age > 7 days and > 2000 g: Cefazolin 60 mg/kg/day q8h

2.1.3.2 Infants and children (> 4 weeks)

Cefazolin 50 mg/kg/day q8h.

2.1.4 Pediatric dose of Vancomycin

2.1.4.1 Neonates (< 4 weeks)

Postnatal age ≤ 7 days and < 1200 g: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg/day q24h.
Postnatal age ≤ 7 days and 1200–2000 g: Vancomycin 10–15 mg/kg q12–18h.
Postnatal age ≤ 7 days and > 2000 g: Vancomycin 10–15 mg/kg q8–12h.
Postnatal age > 7 days and < 1200 g: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg/day q24h.
Postnatal age > 7 days and 1200–2000 g: Vancomycin 10–15 mg/kg q8–12h.
Postnatal age > 7 days and > 2000 g: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg q8h.

2.1.4.2 Infants and children (> 4 weeks)

Vancomycin 40 mg/kg/day q6–8h.

2.2 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h
Preferred regimen (2): Daptomycin 6–8 mg/kg/day IV
Preferred regimen (3): Linezolid 10 mg/kg IV/PO q12h
Preferred regimen (4): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h AND (Rifampicin IV or Gentamycin IV)
Preferred regimen (5): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 6–12 mg TMP/kg/day q12h alone (if susceptible)

2.2.1 Pediatric dose of Linezolid

2.2.1.1 Neonates (< 4 weeks)

For < 1200 g: Linezolid 10 mg/kg q8–12h (note: q12h in patients < 34 weeks gestation and < 1 week of age).
For < 7 days of age and ≥ 1200 g: Linezolid 10 mg/kg q8–12h (note: q12h in patients < 34 weeks gestation and < 1 week of age).
For ≥ 7 days and ≥ 1200 g: Linezolid 10 mg/kg q8h

2.2.1.2 Infants and children < 12 years (> 4 weeks)

Linezolid 10 mg/kg q8h

2.2.1.3 Children ≥ 12 years and adolescents

Linezolid 10 mg/kg q12h

2.2.2 Pediatric dose of Gentamycin

2.2.2.1 Neonates (< 4 weeks)

Premature neonates and < 1000 g: Gentamycin 3.5 mg/kg q24h
< 1200 g: Gentamycin 2.5 mg/kg q18-24h.
Postnatal age ≤ 7 days: Gentamycin 2.5 mg/kg q12h.
Postnatal age > 7 days and 1200–2000 g: Gentamycin 2.5 mg/kg q8-12h.
Postnatal age > 7 days and > 1200 g: Gentamycin 2.5 mg/kg q8h.
Premature neonates with normal renal function: Gentamycin 3.5–4 mg/kg q24h.
Term neonates with normal renal function: Gentamycin 3.5–5 mg/kg q24h.

2.2.2.2 Infants and children < 5 years (> 4 weeks)

Gentamycin 2.5 mg/kg q8h; qd dosing in patients with normal renal function, Gentamycin 5–7.5 mg/kg q24h.

2.2.2.3 Children ≥ 5 years

Gentamycin 2–2.5 mg/kg q8h; qd with normal renal function, Gentamycin 5–7.5 mg/kg q24h.

2.2.3 Pediatric dose of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

2.2.3.1 Infants > 2 months of age and children of mild-to-moderate infections

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 6–12 mg TMP/kg/day q12h; serious infection- Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 15–20 mg TMP/kg/day q6-8h.

3. Cellulitis^[3]

3.1 Purulent cellulitis (defined as cellulitis associated with purulent drainage or exudate in the absence of a drainable abscess)

3.1.1 In adults

Preferred regimen (1): Clindamycin 300–450 mg PO tid
Preferred regimen (2): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 1–2 DS (double strength) tab PO bid
Preferred regimen (3): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid
Preferred regimen (4): Minocycline 200 mg as a single dose THEN 100 mg PO bid
Preferred regimen (5): Linezolid 600 mg PO bid

3.1.2 In children

Preferred regimen (1): Clindamycin 10–13 mg/kg PO q6–8h, not to exceed 40 mg/kg/day
Preferred regimen (2): Trimethoprim 4–6 mg/kg, Sulfamethoxazole 20–30 mg/kg PO q12h
Preferred regimen (3)

3.1 If patient body weight < 45kg then Doxycycline 2 mg/kg PO q12h
3.2 If patient body weight 45kg then Doxycycline adult dose

Preferred regimen (4): Minocycline 4 mg/kg PO 200 mg as a single dose, THEN Minocycline 2 mg/kg PO q12h
Preferred regimen (5): Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO q8h, (max: 600 mg)

3.2 Nonpurulent cellulitis (defined as cellulitis with no purulent drainage or exudate and no associated abscess)

3.2.1 In adults

Preferred regimen (1): Beta-lactam (eg, Cephalexin and Dicloxacillin) 500 mg PO qid
Preferred regimen (2): Clindamycin 300–450 mg PO tid
Preferred regimen (3): Amoxicillin 500 PO mg tid
Preferred regimen (4): Linezolid 600 mg PO bid
Note (1): Empirical therapy for beta-hemolytic streptococci is recommended. Empirical coverage for CA-MRSA is recommended in patients who do not respond to beta-lactam therapy and may be considered in those with systemic toxicity.
Note (2): Provide coverage for both beta-hemolytic streptococci and CA-MRSA beta-lactam (eg, Amoxicillin) with or without Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole or a Tetracycline

3.2.2 In children

Preferred regimen (1): Clindamycin 10–13 mg/kg PO q6–8h, not to exceed 40 mg/kg/day
Preferred regimen (2): Trimethoprim 4–6 mg/kg, Sulfamethoxazole 20–30 mg/kg PO q12h
Preferred regimen (3): Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO q8h, not to exceed 600 mg
Note (1): Clindamycin causes Clostridium difficile–associated disease may occur more frequently, compared with other oral agents.
Note (2): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole not recommended for women in the third trimester of pregnancy and for children ,2 months of age.
Note (3): Tetracyclines are not recommended for children under 8 years of age and are pregnancy category D.

4. Brain abscess^[4]^[5]^[6]

4.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

4.1.1 In adults

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen (2): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 5 mg/kg PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks

4.1.2 In children

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin15 mg/kg/dose IV q6h
Preferred regimen (2): Linezolid 10 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8h
Note: Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd OR 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin.

4.2 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 2 g IV q4h
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 g IV q4h
Alternative regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h

5. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection^[7]^[8]

5.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h with or without Rifampin 600 mg IV or PO q24h
Note: Shunt removal is recommended, and it should not be replaced until cerebrospinal fluid cultures are repeatedly negative.

5.2 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 2 g IV q4h with or without Rifampin 600 mg IV/PO q24h
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 g IV q4h

6. Spinal epidural abscess^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

6.1 Penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus

Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 4 MU IV q4h for 2–4 weeks, THEN PO to complete 6–8 weeks

6.2 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus

Preferred regimen (1): Cefazolin 2 g IV q8h for 2–4 weeks, THEN PO to complete 6–8 weeks
Preferred regimen (2): Nafcillin 2 g IV q4h for 2–4 weeks, THEN PO to complete 6–8 weeks
Preferred regimen (3): Oxacillin 2 g IV q4h for 2–4 weeks, THEN PO to complete 6–8 weeks
Alternative regimen: Clindamycin 600 mg IV q6h for 2–4 weeks, THEN PO to complete 6–8 weeks

6.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

6.3.1 In adults

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin loading dose 25–30 mg/kg IV THEN Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h for 2–4 weeks, THEN PO to complete 6–8 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen (2): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 5 mg/kg PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks

6.3.2 Pediatric dose

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q6h
Preferred regimen (2): Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO/IV q8h

Note: Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin in adult patients..

7. Bacterial meningitis

7.1 Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 9–12 g/day IV q4h
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 9–12 g/day IV q4h
Alternative regimen (1): Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h
Alternative regimen (2): Meropenem 6 g/day IV q8h

7.2 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h
Alternative regimen (1): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 10–20 mg/kg/day q6–12h
Alternative regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h
Note: Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin in adult patients.

8. Septic thrombosis of cavernous or dural venous sinus^[13]

8.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

8.1.1 In adults

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen (2): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 5 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks

8.1.2 Pediatric dose

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q6h
Preferred regimen (2): Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO/IV q8h
Note (1): Surgical evaluation for incision and drainage of contiguous sites of infection or abscess is recommended whenever possible.
Note (2): Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin.

9. Subdural empyema

9.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)^[14]

9.1.1 In adults

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 30–45 mg/kg/day IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
Alternative regimen (2): Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 5 mg/kg PO/IV q8–12h for 4–6 weeks

9.1.2 In children

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q6h
Preferred regimen (2): Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO/IV q8h
Note: Consider the addition of Rifampin 600 mg qd or 300–450 mg bid to Vancomycin.

10. Acute conjunctivitis^[15]

10.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin ointment 1% qid

11. Appendicitis

11.1 Health care–associated complicated intra-abdominal infection^[16]

11.1.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h

12. Diverticulitis

12.1 Health care–associated complicated intra-abdominal infection^[16]

12.1.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h.

13. Peritonitis secondary to bowel perforation, peritonitis secondary to ruptured appendix, peritonitis secondary to ruptured appendix, typhlitis

13.1 Health care–associated complicated intra-abdominal infection^[16]

13.1.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h

14. Cystic fibrosis^[17]

14.1 Adults

14.1.1 If methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus

Preferred Regimen (1): Nafcillin 2 gm IV q4h
Preferred Regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 gm IV q4h

14.1.2 If methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

Preferred Regimen (1): Vancomycin 15-20 mg/kg IV q8-12h
Preferred Regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h

14.2 Pediatric

14.2.1 If methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus

Preferred Regimen (1): Nafcillin 5 mg/kg q6h (Age >28 days)
Preferred Regimen (2): Oxacillin 75 mg/kg q6h (Age >28 days)

14.2.2 If methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

Preferred Regimen (1): Vancomycin 40 mg/kg q6-8h (Age >28 days)
Preferred Regimen (2): Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO/IV q8h (up to age 12)

15. Bronchiectasis^[18]

15.1 In adults

15.1.1 Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment

15.1.1.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen: Flucloxacillin 500 mg PO qds for 14 days

15.1.1.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Patient's body weight is < 50 kg

Preferred regimen: Rifampicin 450 mg PO qd AND Trimethoprim 200 mg PO bd for 14 days

Patient's body weight is > 50 kg

Preferred regimen: Rifampicin 600 mg PO qd AND Trimethoprim 200 mg PO bd for 14 days

15.1.1.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 1 g IV bd (monitor serum levels and adjust dose accordingly)
Preferred regimen (2): Teicoplanin 400 mg qd for 14 days

15.1.2 Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment

15.1.2.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 500 mg PO bd 14 days

15.1.2.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Patient's body weight is < 50 kg

Preferred regimen: Rifampicin 450 mg PO qd AND Doxycycline 200 mg PO qd for 14 days

Patient's body weight is > 50 kg

Preferred regimen: Rifampicin 600 mg PO qd AND Doxycycline 200 mg PO qd for 14 days

Third-line: Linezolid 600 mg bd for 14 days

15.1.2.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Linezolid 600 mg IV bd for 14 days

15.2 In children

15.2.1 Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment

15.2.1.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen: Flucloxacillin

15.2.1.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

15.2.1.2.1 Children (< 12 yr)

Preferred regimen: Trimethoprim 4-6 mg/kg/day PO q12h

15.2.1.2.2 Children (> 12 yr)

Preferred regimen (1): Trimethoprim 100-200 mg PO q12h
Preferred regimen (2): Rifampicin 450 mg PO od (or Rifampicin 600 mg PO od)

15.2.1.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 45-60 mg/kg/day IV q8-12h
Preferred regimen (2): Teicoplanin 400 mg qd for 14 days

15.2.2 Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment

15.2.2.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 15 mg/kg/day PO q12h

15.2.2.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Rifampicin AND Doxycycline 2-5 mg/kg/day PO/IV q12-24h (max dose: 200 mg/24 hr)
Preferred regimen (2): Rifampicin AND Doxycycline 2-5 mg/kg/day PO/IV q12-24h (max dose: 200 mg/24 hr)
Third-line: Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO/IV q12h

15.2.2.3 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO/IV q12h

15.3 Long-term oral antibiotic treatment

15.3.1 In adults

15.3.1.1 Recommended first-line treatment and length of treatment

15.3.1.1.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen: Flucloxacillin 500 mg PO bd

15.3.1.2 Recommended second-line treatment and length of treatment

15.3.1.2.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin 250 mg PO bd

16. Empyema^[19]

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 2 gm IV q4h
Preferred regimen (2): oxacillin 2 gm IV q4h (if MSSA)
Alternative regimen (1): Vancomycin 1 gm IV q12h
Alternative regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg PO bid (if MRSA)

17. Community-acquired pneumonia^[20]

17.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred Regimen (1): Nafcillin 1000-2000 mg q4h
Preferred Regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 g IV q4h
Preferred Regimen (3): Flucloxacillin 250 mg IM/IV q6h
Alternative Regimen (1): Cefazolin 500 mg IV q12h
Alternative Regimen (2): Clindamycin 150-450 mg PO q6-8h

17.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred Regimen (1): Vancomycin 45-60 mg/kg/day q8-12h (max: 2000 mg/dose) for 7-21 days
Preferred Regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 10-14 days
Alternative Regimen: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 1-2 double-strength tablets (800/160 mg) q12-24h

18. Olecranon bursitis or prepatellar bursitis

18.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 2 g IV q4h
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 g IV q4h
Preferred regimen (3): Dicloxacillin 500 mg PO qid

18.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h
Preferred regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg PO qd
Note: Initially aspirate q24h and treat for a minimum of 2–3 weeks.

19. Septic arthritis

19.1 In adults

19.1.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h
Alternative regimen (1): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h in adults
Alternative regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h
Alternative regimen (3): Clindamycin 600 mg PO/IV q8h
Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 3.5–4.0 mg/kg PO/IV q8–12h

19.2.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 2 g IV q6h
Preferred regimen (2): Clindamycin 900 mg IV q8h
Alternative regimen (1): Cefazolin 0.25–1 g IV/IM q6–8h
Alternative regimen (2): Vancomycin 500 mg IV q6h or 1 g IV q12h

19.2 In childern

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q6h
Preferred regimen (2): Daptomycin 6–10 mg/kg IV q24h
Preferred regimen (3): Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO/IV q8h
Preferred regimen (4): Clindamycin 10–13 mg/kg PO/IV q6–8h

20. Septic arthritis, prosthetic joint infection (device-related osteoarticular infections)

20.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 2 g IV q4–6h
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 g IV q4–6h
Alternative regimen (1): Cefazolin 1–2 g IV q8h
Alternative regimen (2): Ceftriaxone 2 g IV q24h
Alternative regimen (if allergic to penicillins) (3): Clindamycin 900 mg IV q8h
Alternative regimen (if allergic to penicillins) (4): Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h, (max: 2 g per dose)

20.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Early-onset (2 months after surgery) or acute hematogenous prosthetic joint infections involving a stable implant with short duration (< 3 weeks) of symptoms and debridement (but device retention)
Preferred regimen: Vancomycin AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd or 300–450 mg PO bid for 2 weeks
Alternative regimen (1): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd or 300–450 mg PO bid for 2 weeks
Alternative regimen (2): Linezolid 600 IV q8h AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd or 300–450 mg PO bid for 2 weeks
Note: The above regimen should be followed by Rifampin and a Fluoroquinolone, TMP/SMX, a Tetracycline or Clindamycin for 3-6 months for hips and knees, respectively.

21. Hematogenous osteomyelitis

21.1 Adult (> 21 yrs)

21.1.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) possible

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 gm IV q12h (if over 100 kg, 1.5 gm IV q12h)

21.1.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) unlikely

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 gm IV q4h

21.2 Children (> 4 months)-Adult

21.2.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) possible

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 40 mg IV q6–8h

21.2.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) unlikely

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin q6h (max. 8–12 gm per day)
Note: Add Ceftazidime 50 mg q8h or Cefepime 150 mg q8h if Gram negative bacilli on Gram stain

21.3 Newborn (< 4 months.)

21.3.1 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) possible

Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin AND Ceftazidime 2 gm IV q8h
Preferred regimen (2): Vancomycin AND Cefepime 2 gm IV q12h

21.3.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) unlikely

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin AND Ceftazidime
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin AND Cefepime

21.4 Specific therapy

21.4.1 Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 2 gm IV q4h
Preferred regimen (3): Cefazolin 2 gm IV q8h
Alternative regimen: Vancomycin 1 gm IV q12h (if over 100 kg, 1.5 gm IV q12h)

21.4.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 gm IV q12h
Alternative regimen: Linezolid 600 mg q12h PO/IV with or without Rifampin 300 mg PO/IV bid

22. Diabetic foot osteomyelitis

High risk for MRSA

Preferred regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg IV or PO q12h
Preferred regimen (2): Daptomycin 4 mg/kg IV q24h
Preferred regimen (3): Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h (trough: 10–20 mg/L)

23. Necrotizing fasciitis^[21]

23.1 In adult

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 1–2 g IV q4h (severe Pencillin allergy: Vancomycin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, daptomycin)
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 1–2 g IV q4h
Preferred regimen (3): Cefazolin 1 g IV q8h
Preferred regimen (4): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV bid
Preferred regimen (5): Clindamycin 600–900 mg IV q8h

23.2 In childern

Preferred regimen (1): Nafcillin 50 mg/kg/dose IV q6h (severe Pencillin allergy: Vancomycin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, daptomycin)
Preferred regimen (2): Oxacillin 50 mg/kg/dose IV q6h
Preferred regimen (3): Cefazolin 33 mg/kg/dose IV q8h
Preferred regimen (4): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg/dose IV q6h
Preferred regimen (5): Clindamycin 10–13 mg/kg/dose IV q8h (Bacteriostatic; potential cross-resistance and emergence of resistance in erythromycin-resistant strains; inducible resistance in methicillin resistent staphylococcus aureus)

24. Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome^[22]

24.1 Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus

Preferred regimen (1): Cloxacillin 250-500 mg PO q6h (max dose: 4 g/24 hr)
Preferred regimen (2): Nafcillin 4-12 g/24 hr IV q4-6hr (max dose: 12 g/24 hr)
Preferred regimen (3): Cefazolin 0.5-2g IV/IM q8h (max dose: 12 g/24 hr) AND Clindamycin 150-600 mg IV, IM/PO q6-8h (max dose: 5 g/24 hr IV or IM or 2 g/24 hr PO)
Alternative regimen (1): Clarithromycin 250-500 mg PO q12h (max dose: 1 g/24 hr) AND Clindamycin 150-600 mg IV, IM/PO q6-8h (max dose: 5 g/24 hr IV/IM or 2 g/24h PO)
Alternative regimen (2): Rifampicin AND Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h
Alternative regimen (3): Daptomycin
Alternative regimen (4): Tigecycline 100 mg loading dose THEN 50 mg IV q12h

24.2 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Preferred regimen (1): Clindamycin 150-600 mg IV, IM/PO q6-8h (max dose: 5 g/24h IV/IM or 2 g/24h PO)
Preferred regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h AND Vancomycin 15-20 mg/kg IV q8-12h, (max: 2 g per dose)
Preferred regimen (3): Teicoplanin
Alternative regimen (1): Rifampicin AND Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h
Alternative regimen (2): Daptomycin
Alternative regimen (3): Tigecycline 100 mg loading dose THEN 50 mg IV q12h

24.3 Glycopeptide resistant or intermediate Staphylococcus aureus

Preferred regimen: Linezolid 600 mg IV/PO q12h AND Clindamycin 150-600 mg IV, IM/PO q6-8h (max dose: 5 g/24 hr IV/IM or 2 g/24h PO) (if sensitive)
Alternative regimen (1): Daptomycin
Alternative regimen (2): Tigecycline 100 mg loading dose THEN 50 mg IV q12h

References

↑ Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG, Bolger AF, Levison ME; et al. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145.
↑ Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O'Grady NP; et al. (2009). "Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 49 (1): 1–45. doi:10.1086/599376. PMC 4039170. PMID 19489710.
↑ Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL; et al. (2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 59 (2): e10–52. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu444. PMID 24973422.
↑ Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.
↑ Tunkel, Allan R.; Hartman, Barry J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Kaufman, Bruce A.; Roos, Karen L.; Scheld, W. Michael; Whitley, Richard J. (2004-11-01). "Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 39 (9): 1267–1284. doi:10.1086/425368. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 15494903.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Kasper, Dennis (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-0071802154.
↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
↑ Darouiche, Rabih O. (2006-11-09). "Spinal epidural abscess". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2012–2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMra055111. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 17093252.
↑ Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.
↑ Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.
↑ Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.
↑ Azari, Amir A.; Barney, Neal P. (2013-10-23). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–1729. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. ISSN 1538-3598. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, Rodvold KA, Goldstein EJ, Baron EJ; et al. (2010). "Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (2): 133–64. doi:10.1086/649554. PMID 20034345.
↑ Mogayzel PJ, Naureckas ET, Robinson KA, Mueller G, Hadjiliadis D, Hoag JB; et al. (2013). "Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines. Chronic medications for maintenance of lung health". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 187 (7): 680–9. PMID 23540878.
↑ Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT, British Thoracic Society Bronchiectasis non-CF Guideline Group (2010). "British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis". Thorax. 65 Suppl 1: i1–58. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.136119. PMID 20627931.
↑ Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
↑ Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC; et al. (2007). "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults". Clin Infect Dis. 44 Suppl 2: S27–72. doi:10.1086/511159. PMID 17278083.
↑ Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL; et al. (2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 59 (2): 147–59. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296. PMID 24947530.
↑ Lappin E, Ferguson AJ (2009). "Gram-positive toxic shock syndromes". Lancet Infect Dis. 9 (5): 281–90. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70066-0. PMID 19393958.

[pmid15956145-1] Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG, Bolger AF, Levison ME; et al. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145.

[pmid19489710-2] Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O'Grady NP; et al. (2009). "Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 49 (1): 1–45. doi:10.1086/599376. PMC 4039170. PMID 19489710.

[pmid24973422-3] Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL; et al. (2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 59 (2): e10–52. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu444. PMID 24973422.

[4] Bennett, John (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748013.

[5] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[6] Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.

[7] Tunkel, Allan R.; Hartman, Barry J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Kaufman, Bruce A.; Roos, Karen L.; Scheld, W. Michael; Whitley, Richard J. (2004-11-01). "Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 39 (9): 1267–1284. doi:10.1086/425368. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 15494903.

[8] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[9] Kasper, Dennis (2015). Harrison's principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 978-0071802154.

[10] Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.

[11] Darouiche, Rabih O. (2006-11-09). "Spinal epidural abscess". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2012–2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMra055111. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 17093252.

[12] Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.

[13] Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.

[14] Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P.; Murray, Barbara E.; J Rybak, Michael; Talan, David A.; Chambers, Henry F.; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2011-02-01). "Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children". Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 52 (3): –18-55. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq146. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21208910.

[15] Azari, Amir A.; Barney, Neal P. (2013-10-23). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment". JAMA. 310 (16): 1721–1729. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. ISSN 1538-3598. PMC 4049531. PMID 24150468.CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[pmid20034345-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, Rodvold KA, Goldstein EJ, Baron EJ; et al. (2010). "Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (2): 133–64. doi:10.1086/649554. PMID 20034345.

[pmid23540878-17] Mogayzel PJ, Naureckas ET, Robinson KA, Mueller G, Hadjiliadis D, Hoag JB; et al. (2013). "Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines. Chronic medications for maintenance of lung health". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 187 (7): 680–9. PMID 23540878.

[pmid20627931-18] Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT, British Thoracic Society Bronchiectasis non-CF Guideline Group (2010). "British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis". Thorax. 65 Suppl 1: i1–58. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.136119. PMID 20627931.

[19] Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.

[pmid17278083-20] Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC; et al. (2007). "Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults". Clin Infect Dis. 44 Suppl 2: S27–72. doi:10.1086/511159. PMID 17278083.

[pmid24947530-21] Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL; et al. (2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 59 (2): 147–59. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296. PMID 24947530.

[pmid19393958-22] Lappin E, Ferguson AJ (2009). "Gram-positive toxic shock syndromes". Lancet Infect Dis. 9 (5): 281–90. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70066-0. PMID 19393958.

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Staphylococcus aureus infection medical therapy: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 23:12, 7 August 2015

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