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==Historical Perspective==
*Marburg hemorrhagic fever was initially detected in 1967 after simultaneous outbreaks in Marburg, from which the disease takes its name, Frankfurt, and Belgrade.
*Subsequently, outbreaks and sporadic cases were reported in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda.
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{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
|+'''''Chronology of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks''''' ({{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/resources/outbreak-table.html |title= Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever |website= Center for Disease Control and Prevention|publisher= Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}})
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 120px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Years}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Country}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Apparent or suspected origin}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 120px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Reported number of human cases}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 120px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Reported number (%) of deaths among cases}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 650px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Situation}}
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |1967
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Germany and Yugoslavia
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |31
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |7 (23%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Simultaneous outbreaks occurred in laboratory workers handling African green monkeys imported from Uganda. In addition to the 31 reported cases, an additional primary case was retrospectively diagnosed by serology. <ref name="pmid8800808">{{cite journal| author=Feldmann H, Slenczka W, Klenk HD| title=Emerging and reemerging of filoviruses. | journal=Arch Virol Suppl | year= 1996 | volume= 11 | issue=  | pages= 77-100 | pmid=8800808 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8800808  }} </ref>
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |1975
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Johannesburg, South Africa
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Zimbabwe
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |3
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (33%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |A man with a recent travel history to Zimbabwe was admitted to hospital in South Africa. Infection spread from the man to his traveling companion and a nurse at the hospital. The man died, but both women were given vigorous supportive treatment and eventually recovered.<ref name=AO>{{cite web | title = WHO |http://whqlibdoc.who.int/wer/WHO_WER_1975/WER1975_50_121-128%20%28N%C2%B012%29.pdf url =}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |1980
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Kenya
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Kenya
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |2
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (50%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |A man with a recent travel history to Kitum Cave in Kenya's Mount Elgon National Park. Despite specialized care in Nairobi, the male patient died. A doctor who attempted resuscitation developed symptoms 9 days later but recovered<ref name="pmid6122054">{{cite journal| author=Smith DH, Johnson BK, Isaacson M, Swanapoel R, Johnson KM, Killey M et al.| title=Marburg-virus disease in Kenya. | journal=Lancet | year= 1982 | volume= 1 | issue= 8276 | pages= 816-20 | pmid=6122054| doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6122054  }} </ref>
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |1987
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Kenya
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Kenya
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (100%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |A 15-year-old Danish boy was hospitalized with a 3-day history of headache, malaise, fever, and vomiting. Nine days prior to symptom onset, he had visited Kitum Cave in Mount Elgon National Park. Despite aggressive supportive therapy, the patient died on the 11th day of illness. No further cases were detected<ref name="pmid22046196">{{cite journal| author=Mehedi M, Groseth A, Feldmann H, Ebihara H| title=Clinical aspects of Marburg hemorrhagic fever. | journal=Future Virol | year= 2011 | volume= 6 | issue= 9 | pages= 1091-1106 | pmid=22046196 | doi=10.2217/fvl.11.79 | pmc=PMC3201746 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22046196  }} </ref>
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |1990
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Russia
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Russia
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (100%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Laboratory contamination.<ref name=Marburg>{{cite web | title =Marburg |http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/9417733.pdf =}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |1998-2000
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Durba, DRC
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |154
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |128 (83%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Most cases occurred in young male workers at a gold mine in Durba, in the north-eastern part of the country, which proved to be the epicenter of the outbreak. Cases were subsequently detected in the neighboring village of Watsa.<ref name=Marburg>{{cite web | title =Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Associated with Multiple Genetic Lineages of Virus|http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa051465 =}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |2004-2005
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Angola
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Uige Province, Angola
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |252
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |227 (90%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Outbreak believed to have begun in Uige Province in October 2004. Most cases detected in other provinces have been linked directly to the outbreak in Uige<ref name="pmid16775337">{{cite journal| author=Towner JS, Khristova ML, Sealy TK, Vincent MJ, Erickson BR, Bawiec DA et al.| title=Marburgvirus genomics and association with a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Angola. | journal=J Virol | year= 2006 | volume= 80 | issue= 13 | pages= 6497-516 | pmid=16775337 | doi=10.1128/JVI.00069-06 | pmc=PMC1488971 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16775337  }} </ref>
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |2007
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Lead and gold mine in Kamwenge District, Uganda
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |4
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (25%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Small outbreak, with 4 cases in young males working in a mine. To date, there have been no additional cases identified<ref name=Marburg>{{cite web | title =Outbreak of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Among Miners in Kamwenge and Ibanda Districts, Uganda, 2007|http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_3/S796.full =}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |2008
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Netherlands ex Uganda
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Cave in Maramagambo forest in Uganda, at the southern edge of Queen Elizabeth National Park
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (100%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |A 40-year-old Dutch woman with a recent history of travel to Uganda was admitted to hospital in the Netherlands. Three days prior to hospitalization, the first symptoms (fever, chills) occurred, followed by rapid clinical deterioration. The woman died on the 10th day of the illness.
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |2012
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Kabale
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |15
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |4 (27%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Testing at CDC/UVRI identified a Marburg virus disease outbreak in the districts of Kabale, Ibanda, Mbarara, and Kampala over a 3 week time period<ref name="pmid23001720">{{cite journal| author=Kuhn JH, Bao Y, Bavari S, Becker S, Bradfute S, Brister JR et al.| title=Virus nomenclature below the species level: a standardized nomenclature for natural variants of viruses assigned to the family Filoviridae. | journal=Arch Virol | year= 2013 | volume= 158 | issue= 1 | pages= 301-11 | pmid=23001720 | doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1454-0 | pmc=PMC3535543 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23001720  }} </ref>
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC;" |2014
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Uganda
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |1 (100%)
! style="background: #F5F5F5;" |Ninety-nine individuals were quarantined after a 30-year-old male health-worker died of Marburg hemorrhagic fever on the 28th of September.
|}
<br>
[[File:Distribution map of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever.png |thumb|center|500px| <SMALL><SMALL> ''[(http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/)]''<ref name="CDC">{{Cite web | title = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |  url =http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/ }}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>]]
 
 


==References==
==References==

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Historical Perspective

  • Marburg hemorrhagic fever was initially detected in 1967 after simultaneous outbreaks in Marburg, from which the disease takes its name, Frankfurt, and Belgrade.
  • Subsequently, outbreaks and sporadic cases were reported in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda.


Chronology of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks ("Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).)
Years Country Apparent or suspected origin Reported number of human cases Reported number (%) of deaths among cases Situation
1967 Germany and Yugoslavia Uganda 31 7 (23%) Simultaneous outbreaks occurred in laboratory workers handling African green monkeys imported from Uganda. In addition to the 31 reported cases, an additional primary case was retrospectively diagnosed by serology. [1]
1975 Johannesburg, South Africa Zimbabwe 3 1 (33%) A man with a recent travel history to Zimbabwe was admitted to hospital in South Africa. Infection spread from the man to his traveling companion and a nurse at the hospital. The man died, but both women were given vigorous supportive treatment and eventually recovered.[2]
1980 Kenya Kenya 2 1 (50%) A man with a recent travel history to Kitum Cave in Kenya's Mount Elgon National Park. Despite specialized care in Nairobi, the male patient died. A doctor who attempted resuscitation developed symptoms 9 days later but recovered[3]
1987 Kenya Kenya 1 1 (100%) A 15-year-old Danish boy was hospitalized with a 3-day history of headache, malaise, fever, and vomiting. Nine days prior to symptom onset, he had visited Kitum Cave in Mount Elgon National Park. Despite aggressive supportive therapy, the patient died on the 11th day of illness. No further cases were detected[4]
1990 Russia Russia 1 1 (100%) Laboratory contamination.[5]
1998-2000 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Durba, DRC 154 128 (83%) Most cases occurred in young male workers at a gold mine in Durba, in the north-eastern part of the country, which proved to be the epicenter of the outbreak. Cases were subsequently detected in the neighboring village of Watsa.[5]
2004-2005 Angola Uige Province, Angola 252 227 (90%) Outbreak believed to have begun in Uige Province in October 2004. Most cases detected in other provinces have been linked directly to the outbreak in Uige[6]
2007 Uganda Lead and gold mine in Kamwenge District, Uganda 4 1 (25%) Small outbreak, with 4 cases in young males working in a mine. To date, there have been no additional cases identified[5]
2008 Netherlands ex Uganda Cave in Maramagambo forest in Uganda, at the southern edge of Queen Elizabeth National Park 1 1 (100%) A 40-year-old Dutch woman with a recent history of travel to Uganda was admitted to hospital in the Netherlands. Three days prior to hospitalization, the first symptoms (fever, chills) occurred, followed by rapid clinical deterioration. The woman died on the 10th day of the illness.
2012 Uganda Kabale 15 4 (27%) Testing at CDC/UVRI identified a Marburg virus disease outbreak in the districts of Kabale, Ibanda, Mbarara, and Kampala over a 3 week time period[7]
2014 Uganda Uganda 1 1 (100%) Ninety-nine individuals were quarantined after a 30-year-old male health-worker died of Marburg hemorrhagic fever on the 28th of September.


[(http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/)][8]


References

  1. ↑ Feldmann H, Slenczka W, Klenk HD (1996). "Emerging and reemerging of filoviruses". Arch Virol Suppl. 11: 77–100. PMID 8800808.
  2. ↑ "WHO". Missing or empty |url= (help)
  3. ↑ Smith DH, Johnson BK, Isaacson M, Swanapoel R, Johnson KM, Killey M; et al. (1982). "Marburg-virus disease in Kenya". Lancet. 1 (8276): 816–20. PMID 6122054.
  4. ↑ Mehedi M, Groseth A, Feldmann H, Ebihara H (2011). "Clinical aspects of Marburg hemorrhagic fever". Future Virol. 6 (9): 1091–1106. doi:10.2217/fvl.11.79. PMC 3201746. PMID 22046196.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Marburg". Missing or empty |url= (help)
  6. ↑ Towner JS, Khristova ML, Sealy TK, Vincent MJ, Erickson BR, Bawiec DA; et al. (2006). "Marburgvirus genomics and association with a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Angola". J Virol. 80 (13): 6497–516. doi:10.1128/JVI.00069-06. PMC 1488971. PMID 16775337.
  7. ↑ Kuhn JH, Bao Y, Bavari S, Becker S, Bradfute S, Brister JR; et al. (2013). "Virus nomenclature below the species level: a standardized nomenclature for natural variants of viruses assigned to the family Filoviridae". Arch Virol. 158 (1): 301–11. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1454-0. PMC 3535543. PMID 23001720.
  8. ↑ "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention".
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