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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| ===Staging=== | | ===Staging=== |
| There is no established system for the staging of ganglioglioma.
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| ===History and Symptoms=== | | ===History and Symptoms=== |
| The hallmark of [[cerebral]] ganglioglioma is [[temporal lobe epilepsy]].<ref name=dd>Symptoms of ganglioglioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/ganglioglioma</ref> Most common symptoms of [[spinal cord]] ganglioglioma include [[back pain]], [[neck pain]], [[radicular pain]], [[weakness]], [[paresthesia]], [[gait disturbance]], and [[bowel]] and bladder dysfunction. Less common symptoms of [[spinal cord]] ganglioglioma include [[Brown-Sequard syndrome]], [[Headache|acute headache]] due to [[subarachnoid hemmorhage]], [[Scoliosis|progressive scoliosis]], loss of motor function, and frequent falls.<ref name=cc>Presentation of spinal cord ganglioglioma. Dr Ayush Goel and Dr Sara Wein et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/spinal-ganglioglioma</ref>
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| ===Physical examination=== | | ===Physical examination=== |
| Common physical examination findings of ganglioglioma include weak irregular [[pulse]], [[hypertension]], [[wide pulse pressure]], unilateral pupillary dilatation, abnormal ophthalmic examination, and focal neurological deficits.<ref name=ddd>Presentation of increased ICP. Patient.info. http://patient.info/doctor/raised-intracranial-pressure</ref>
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| ===Laboratory Findings=== | | ===Laboratory Findings=== |
| There are no diagnostic lab findings associated with ganglioglioma.
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| ===X Ray=== | | ===X Ray=== |
| There are no x-ray findings associated with [[cerebral]] ganglioglioma. On x-ray, [[spinal cord]] ganglioglioma is characterized by [[scoliosis]], bony remodelling, posterior [[vertebral body]] scalloping, and remodelling of the [[pedicle]] or [[posterior arch]].<ref name=cc>X-ray findings of spinal cord ganglioglioma. Dr Ayush Goel and Dr Sara Wein et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/spinal-ganglioglioma</ref>
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| ===CT=== | | ===CT=== |
| On head CT scan, ganglioglioma is characterized by iso- or hypodense, [[calcification]], bone remodelling, and enhancement of solid non-calcified component.
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| ===MRI=== | | ===MRI=== |
| On MRI brain, ganglioglioma is characterized by iso- to hypointense solid component on T1, variable contrast enhancement of solid component on T1 C+ (Gd), hyperintense solid component and variable signal in cystic component on T2, and [[calcification]] on T2 (GE/SWI).<ref name=dd>MRI findings of ganglioglioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/ganglioglioma</ref> On MRI scan of [[spinal cord]], ganglioglioma is characterized by mixed signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high intensity on T2, patchy enhancement on T1 C+ (Gd), and [[calcification]] with low signal blooming on gradient echo.<ref name=cc>MRI findings of spinal cord ganglioglioma. Dr Ayush Goel and Dr Sara Wein et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/spinal-ganglioglioma</ref>
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| ===Ultrasound=== | | ===Ultrasound=== |
| There are no ultrasound findings associated with ganglioglioma.
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| ===Other imaging findings=== | | ===Other imaging findings=== |
| There are no other imaging findings associated with ganglioglioma.
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| ===Other Diagnostic Studies=== | | ===Other Diagnostic Studies=== |
| There are no other diagnostic studies associated with ganglioglioma.
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| ===Medical Therapy=== | | ===Medical Therapy=== |
| [[Radiotherapy]] or [[chemotherapy]] is not the first-line treatment option for patients with gangliogliomas. [[Radiation therapy]] is usually reserved for patients when either incomplete [[resection]] is achievable or tumor recurrence occurs.<ref name=dd>Rx of ganglioglioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/ganglioglioma</ref>
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| ===Surgery=== | | ===Surgery=== |
| The mainstay of therapy for ganglioglioma is [[surgery]]. In the [[brain]], a reasonable [[resection]] margin can be achieved with surgery.<ref name=dd>Treatment of ganglioglioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/ganglioglioma</ref>
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