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<ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref> | |||
;Durie-Salmon staging system | ;Durie-Salmon staging system | ||
First published in 1975, the Durie-Salmon staging system <ref name="Salmon">Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment and survival. ''Cancer'' 1975;36:842–854. PMID 1182674.</ref> is still in use, but has largely been superseded by the simpler ISS: | First published in 1975, the Durie-Salmon staging system <ref name="Salmon">Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment and survival. ''Cancer'' 1975;36:842–854. PMID 1182674.</ref> is still in use, but has largely been superseded by the simpler ISS: | ||
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| '''Age'''||The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years<ref>Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref> | | '''Age'''||The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years<ref>Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref> | ||
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| '''Race'''||African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma<ref>Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref> | | '''Race'''||African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma<ref>Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref><ref>Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref> | ||
<ref>Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref> | |||
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| '''Gender'''||Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1<ref>Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref> | | '''Gender'''||Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1<ref>Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref> | ||
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| '''Having other plasma cell diseases'''||Studies have shown that patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.<ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref> | | '''Having other plasma cell diseases'''||Studies have shown that patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.<ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref> | ||
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| '''Family history'''||A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.<ref name="Bourguet-1985">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bourguet | first1 = CC. | last2 = Grufferman | first2 = S. | last3 = Delzell | first3 = E. | last4 = DeLong | first4 = ER. | last5 = Cohen | first5 = HJ. | title = Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study. | journal = Cancer | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 2133-9 | month = Oct | year = 1985 | doi = | PMID = 4027940 }}</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23926460">{{cite journal| author=Koura DT, Langston AA| title=Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma. | journal=Ther Adv Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 291-7 | pmid=23926460 | doi=10.1177/2040620713485375 | pmc=PMC3734900 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23926460 }} </ref> | | '''Family history'''||A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.<ref name="Bourguet-1985">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bourguet | first1 = CC. | last2 = Grufferman | first2 = S. | last3 = Delzell | first3 = E. | last4 = DeLong | first4 = ER. | last5 = Cohen | first5 = HJ. | title = Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study. | journal = Cancer | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 2133-9 | month = Oct | year = 1985 | doi = | PMID = 4027940 }}</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23926460">{{cite journal| author=Koura DT, Langston AA| title=Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma. | journal=Ther Adv Hematol | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 291-7 | pmid=23926460 | doi=10.1177/2040620713485375 | pmc=PMC3734900 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23926460 }} </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref> | ||
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| '''Obesity'''||A study by the American Cancer Society found that being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma<ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref> | | '''Obesity'''||A study by the American Cancer Society found that being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma<ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref> | ||
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| '''Workplace exposures'''||Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations<ref name="Gallagher-1983">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = RP. | last2 = Spinelli | first2 = JJ. | last3 = Elwood | first3 = JM. | last4 = Skippen | first4 = DH. | title = Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma. | journal = Br J Cancer | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 853-7 | month = Dec | year = 1983 | doi = | PMID = 6652026 }}</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref> | | '''Workplace exposures'''||Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations<ref name="Gallagher-1983">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gallagher | first1 = RP. | last2 = Spinelli | first2 = JJ. | last3 = Elwood | first3 = JM. | last4 = Skippen | first4 = DH. | title = Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma. | journal = Br J Cancer | volume = 48 | issue = 6 | pages = 853-7 | month = Dec | year = 1983 | doi = | PMID = 6652026 }}</ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref> | ||
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| '''Radiation'''|| Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure <ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref> | | '''Radiation'''|| Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure <ref>Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015 </ref><ref>Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015</ref> | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 00:34, 21 September 2015
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2]
- Durie-Salmon staging system
First published in 1975, the Durie-Salmon staging system [2] is still in use, but has largely been superseded by the simpler ISS:
- stage 1: all of
- Hb > 10g/dL
- normal calcium
- Skeletal survey: normal or single plasmacytoma or osteoporosis
- Serum paraprotein level < 5 g/dL if IgG, < 3 g/dL if IgA
- Urinary light chain excretion < 4 g/24h
- stage 2: fulfilling the criteria of neither 1 nor 3
- stage 3: one or more of
- Hb < 8.5g/dL
- high calcium > 12mg/dL
- Skeletal survey: 3 or more lytic bone lesions
- Serum paraprotein >7g/dL if IgG, > 5 g/dL if IgA
- Urinary light chain excretion > 12g/24h
Stage | Hemoglobin level | Calcium level | Skeletal survey | Serum paraprotein level | Urinary light chain excretion |
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The table below lists the genetic risk factors for multiple myeloma:
Genetic Risk Factor | Description |
Age | The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years. |
Gender | Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1 |
Lynch Syndrome AKA Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) | AD inheritance; caused by a defect in one of the mismatch repair genes, most commonly hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, or PMS2; the mean age at initial cancer diagnosis is around 48 years[3] |
The table below lists the risk factors for multiple myeloma:
Risk Factor | Description |
Age | The chance to develop multiple myeloma increases as patients get older, where only 1% of multiple myeloma cases are diagnosed in patients younger than 35 years[4][5][6] |
Race | African American and Native Pacific Islanders descents are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma[7][8][9] |
Gender | Males are more commonly affected with multiple myeloma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1[10][11] |
Having other plasma cell diseases | Studies have shown that patients with other plasma cell diseases such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance develop multiple myeloma later in their lives.[12][13] |
Family history | A familial predisposition to myeloma exists due to hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins that may contribute to a higher rates of multiple myeloma in certain groups.[14][15][16][17] |
Obesity | A study by the American Cancer Society found that being overweight increases a person's risk of developing multiple myeloma[18][19] |
Workplace exposures | Petroleum workers and farmers tend to have higher incidence of multiple myeloma relative to other occupations[20][21][22] |
Radiation | Areas with previous history of atoms bombs or nuclear accidents had higher risk of multiple myeloma due to increased rate of radiation exposure [23][24] |
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment and survival. Cancer 1975;36:842–854. PMID 1182674.
- ↑ Parry S, Win AK, Parry B, Macrae FA, Gurrin LC, Church JM; et al. (2011). "Metachronous colorectal cancer risk for mismatch repair gene mutation carriers: the advantage of more extensive colon surgery". Gut. 60 (7): 950–7. doi:10.1136/gut.2010.228056. PMC 3848416. PMID 21193451.
- ↑ Press Releases. Compugen (2015)http://www.cgen.com/media-center/press-releases/-314 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ Seer stat fact sheet. National cancer institute (2015)http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/mulmy.html Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. Radiopaedia (2015)http://radiopaedia.org/articles/multiple-myeloma-1 Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ Bourguet, CC.; Grufferman, S.; Delzell, E.; DeLong, ER.; Cohen, HJ. (1985). "Multiple myeloma and family history of cancer. A case-control study". Cancer. 56 (8): 2133–9. PMID 4027940. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Pathophysiology Accessed on September, 20th 2015
- ↑ Koura DT, Langston AA (2013). "Inherited predisposition to multiple myeloma". Ther Adv Hematol. 4 (4): 291–7. doi:10.1177/2040620713485375. PMC 3734900. PMID 23926460.
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ Gallagher, RP.; Spinelli, JJ.; Elwood, JM.; Skippen, DH. (1983). "Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma". Br J Cancer. 48 (6): 853–7. PMID 6652026. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. MedlinePlus (2015)http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Multiple_myeloma_risk_factors&action=edit§ion=2 Accessed on Septmeber, 20th 2015
- ↑ Multiple myeloma. The American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-risk-factors Accessed on September, 20 2015