Vertigo causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.^[2]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Vertigo can result from problems of the inner ear or the vestibular system which is composed of the semicircular canals, the otolith (utricle and saccule) and the vestibular nerve. Hence, depending on the cause of the vertigo, it can be referred to as "peripheral", "otologic" or "vestibular" vertigo. The most common cause is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), which accounts for 32% of all peripheral vertigo. Other causes include Ménière's disease (12%), superior canal dehiscence syndrome, labyrinthitis and visual vertigo. Any cause of inflammation such as common cold, influenza, and bacterial infections may cause transient vertigo if it involves the inner ear, as may chemical insults (e.g., aminoglycosides) or physical trauma (e.g., skull fractures). Motion sickness is sometimes classified as a cause of peripheral vertigo.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

• Brainstem stroke
• Cerebellar hemorrhage
• Cerebellar infarction
• Cyanide
• Drug overdose
• Head injury
• Stroke

Common Causes

• Acoustic neuroma
• Aminoglycosides
• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
• Brainstem ischemia
• Cerebellar hemorrhage
• Cerebellar infarction
• Labyrinthitis
• Medications
• Meniere's disease
• Migrainous vertigo
• Otitis media
• Superior canal dehiscence syndrome
• Vestibular neuritis

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Abdominal aortic aneurysm, coronary heart disease, hypertension, malignant hypertension, Sinus bradycardia ,superior vena cava syndrome, Takayasu arteritis, vasovagal syncope
Chemical / poisoning	Amanita muscaria, arsine, bromide, chloralose, chlorinated naphthalene, chloromethane, Corn lily poisoning, cyanide, cycad nut poisoning, ethylbenzene, gasoline, ibotenic acid, multiple chemical sensitivity, nitrogen narcosis, pfiesteria poisoning, phosphine, snakebites, tobacco smoking, xylene
Dermatologic	Glomus tumor, Lyme disease, neurofibromatosis
Drug Side Effect	3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, 4-HO-MPT, ACE inhibitors, albendazole, ambenonium, amikacin, aminoglycosides, anti-obesity drug, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antiretroviral drug, atenolol, aztreonam, biperiden, bromocriptine, buspirone, cabergoline, capreomycin sulfate, cidofovir, cortisone, clomifene, clozapine, dapsone, daptomycin, desmopressin, dexamethasone, diflunisal, disulfiram, dolutegravir, dolasetron mesylate, efavirenz, eflornithine, eslicarbazepine acetate, ethacrynic Acid, etravirine, ezogabine, febuxostat, flucytosine, fulvestrant, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, galantamine hydrobromide, gentamicin, gabapentin Enacarbil, histamine agonist, hydroxychloroquine, hydrochlorothiazide, ibotenic acid, imipenem-cilastatin, indomethacin, isosorbide mononitrate, isoproterenol (aerosol), ivermectin, kanamycin, ketorolac, leflunomide, leuprolide, lincomycin hydrochloride, loop diuretic, loprazolam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, malaria prophylaxis, methimazole, methocarbamol, methylprednisolone, minocycline hydrochloride, moclobemide, modafinil, meprobamate, monomethylhydrazine, nabilone, nabumetone, netilmicin, nialamide, nitrazepam, oprelvekin, oxaprozin, oxazepam, papaverineparoxetine, pergolide, prednisone, primidone, pentamidine Isethionate, pergolide, perphenazine, pomalidomide, praziquantel, primidone, rifaximin, riluzole, rizatriptan, ropinirole, sedatives, Sertraline, SSRI discontinuation syndrome, streptomycin, sulindac, sultiame, Sumatriptan, tamsulosin, temazepam, trazodone, tuberculosis treatment, valaciclovir, venlafaxine, vigabatrin, viloxazine, vortioxetine, zimelidine, zonisamide, zolmitriptan
Ear Nose Throat	Acoustic neuroma, balance disorder, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, catarrh, cholesteatoma, cogan syndrome, ear waxendolymphatic sac tumor, ependymoma, facial nerve paralysis, glomus tumor, herpes zoster oticus, labyrinthitis, labyrinth infarction, labyrinthine concussion, Mastoiditis, Meniere's disease, middle ear infection, nasal congestion, osteoma of the external ear canal, otitis externaotitis media, otosclerosis, ototoxicity, perforated tympanic membrane, perilymph fistula, recurrent vestibulopathy, Semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, sensorineural hearing loss, superior canal dehiscence syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial, vestibulocochlear nerve diseases, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	Microwave auditory effect, noise health effects
Gastroenterologic	Visceroptosis
Genetic	Episodic ataxia, Fabry's disease, neurofibromatosis, sensorineural hearing loss, vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial
Hematologic	Anaemia, Osler-Vaquez disease, polycythemia rubra, superior vena cava syndrome
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Bacterial infection, common cold, mastoiditis, herpes zoster oticus, influenza, intracranial infection, labyrinthitis, lyme disease, otitis externa, otitis media, syphillis, viral infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	Acoustic neuroma, airsickness, arachnoid cyst, Arnold-Chiari malformation, astrocytoma, balance disorder, Barre-Lieou syndrome, basilar artery insufficiency syndrome, basilar artery migraine, brain ischemia, brain tumor, brain zaps, brainstem infarction, brainstem stroke, Bruns' syndrome, cerebellar hemorrhage, cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar infarction, cerebral aneurysm, cerebral shunt, cerebrovascular accident, chronic fatigue syndrome, colloid cyst, decompression sickness, deep water blackout, encephalitis, ependymoma, episodic ataxia, facial nerve paralysis, head injury, herpes zoster oticus, hydrocephalus, hypertensive encephalopathy, inferior cerebellar bleeding, intracranial infection, lateral medullary syndrome, medulloblastoma, meningioma, migraine, motion sickness, multiple sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, non-epileptic seizure, oculogyric crisis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, peripheral neuritis, posterior fossa tumors, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, sea-sickness, sensorineural hearing loss, seizures, skull fractures, spinal cord disorders, spinocerebellar ataxia, stroke, subclavian steal syndrome, Susac syndrome, syringobulbia, taravana, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, transient ischemic attack, vasovagal syncope, vertebral artery dissection, vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attack, vertiginous epilepsy, vestibular migraine, vestibular neuronitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Wallenberg's syndrome, Westphal-leyden ataxia
Nutritional / Metabolic	Metabolic acidosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Hyperemesis gravidarum, morning sickness
Oncologic	Acoustic neuroma, astrocytoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, meningioma, osteoma of the external ear
Opthalmologic	Cogan syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity	Alcohol, aminoglycosides, atenolol, cinchonism, drug overdose, gentamicin, hellebore
Psychiatric	Chronic fatigue syndrome, panic attack
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	Chronic renal failure, hypomagnesemia primary, metabolic acidosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Chronic fatigue syndrome, food allergy, multiple sclerosis, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, Susac syndrome, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
Sexual	Syphillis
Trauma	Head injury, labyrinthine concussion, skull fractures, whiplash injuries
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Airsickness, deep water blackout, motion sickness, sea-sickness, sound pressure, taravana

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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