Carcinoid syndrome causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2]

Causes

• Occasionally, gastrointestinal carcinoids occur in association with inherited syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and neurofibromatosis type 1.

• Most carcinoids associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 appear to be of foregut origin.
• Carcinoids in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 appear to arise primarily in the periampullary region.

• In sporadic gastrointestinal carcinoids, numerous chromosomal imbalances have been found by comparative genome hybridization analysis. Gains involving chromosomes 5, 14, 17 (especially 17q), and 19 and losses involving chromosomes 11 (especially 11q) and 18 appear to be the most common.