Carcinoid syndrome causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2]

Overview

Majority of the cases of gastrointestinal carcinoid are sporadic, however gastrointestinal carcinoid is associated with mutations in MEN1 and NF1 genes.

Causes

Common causes of carcinoid syndrome include:

• Genetic disorders
  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

• • Carcinoids associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 appear to be of foregut origin.

• • Neurofibromatosis type 1

• • Carcinoids in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 appear to arise primarily in the periampullary region.

• Genetic mutations
  • Gains involving chromosomes 5, 14, 17, and 19
  • Losses involving chromosomes 11 (especially 11q) and 18