Dysuria causes

Dysuria Microchapters
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Overview
Classification
Causes
Differentiating Dysuria from other Diseases
Treatment

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]

Overview

Life threatening causes of dysuria include toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Other causes of dysuria include balanitis, cervicitis, and lower urinary tract infections.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

• Toxic epidermal necrolysis
• Stevens–Johnson syndrome

Common Causes

• Balanitis
• Balanoposthitis
• Cervicitis
• Lower urinary tract infections
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Pyelonephritis
• Urethritis
• Vaginitis

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning	Arsenicals, baneberry poisoning, chemical irritants
Dermatologic	Balanitis xerotica obliterans, Behçet syndrome, genital herpes, irritative dermatitis, lichen sclerosus, malakoplakia, periurethral herpes simplex, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis
Drug Side Effect	Abciximab, BCG vaccine, benzatropine, bicalutamide, clofibrate, dexchlorpheniramine, diflunisal, flavoxate, foscarnet sodium, hexaminolevulinate, hydroxyurea, indinavir, leflunomide, melarsoprol, meropenem, methenamine, milnacipran, nabumetone, nitazoxanide, oxcarbazepine, oxaprozin, phendimetrazine, pramipexole, pyrazinamide, rifaximin, spermicidal gel, sertraline, sulindac, tiagabine, tiaprofenic acid, valrubicin, zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat	Behcet syndrome
Endocrine	Hypercalciuria
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Appendicitis, bilharziasis, diarrhea, rectovesical fistula
Genetic	Acute intermittent porphyria, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, xanthine oxydase deficiency, xanthinuria, X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome
Hematologic	Acute intermittent porphyria
Iatrogenic	Radiation therapy, postoperative septicaemia, urethral catheterization
Infectious Disease	Acute cystitis, acute urethritis, bacterial vaginosis, bilharziasis, candidal vaginitis, cervicitis, chlamydia, cystitis, diarrhea, epididymitis, fungal infection, genital herpes, genital schistosomiasis, gonorrhea, granulomatous prostatitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, hydatid cyst, kidney infection, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, non-gonococcal urethritis, nonspecific (chemical) urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, periurethral herpes simplex, pinworms, prostatic tuberculosis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, schistosoma haematobium, sexually transmitted disease, trichomoniasis, urethritis, urinary tract infection, vaginitis, vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia, varicella, vulvitis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Reactive arthritis, Reiter's Syndrome
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Acute intermittent porphyria, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, idiopathic hyperuricosuria, xanthine oxydase deficiency, xanthinuria
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Atrophic vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, candidal vaginitis, cervical cancer, cervicitis, complication of pregnancy, contraceptive foam, contraceptive sponge, cystocele, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, fallopian tube conditions , granulosa cell tumor of the ovary, labial adhesion, menopause, pelvic inflammatory disease, perineal trauma, prolapsed uterus, trichomoniasis, vaginal douche, vaginal lubricant, vaginal ulcers, vaginitis, vesicovaginal fistula, vulvar cancer, vulvitis
Oncologic	Bladder cancer, cervical cancer, granulosa cell tumor of the ovary, prostatic carcinoma, urethral cancer, urinary tract neoplasm, vulvar cancer
Opthalmologic	Behcet syndrome, reactive arthritis, Reiter's Syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	Functional disorders, psychogenic disorder, sexual abuse
Pulmonary	Goodpasture syndrome
Renal / Electrolyte	Acute pyelonephritis, congenital giant megaureter, dehydration, Goodpasture syndrome, hypercalciuria, kidney infection, kidney stone, pyelonephritis, renal nutcracker syndrome, renal tuberculosis, urolithiasis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Behçet syndrome, Goodpasture syndrome, reactive arthritis, Reiter's Syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Sexual	Masturbation
Trauma	Local trauma, urethral trauma
Urologic	Acute abacterial cystitis, acute cystitis, acute urethritis, autoimmune orchitis, balanitis xerotica obliterans, balanitis, balanoposthitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder cancer, bladder diverticulum, bladder stone, cystitis, cystoceleeosinophilic cystitis, epididymitis, granulomatous prostatitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, Hunner ulcer, interstitial cystitis, malakoplakia, meatal stenosis, non-gonococcal urethritis, nonspecific (chemical) urethritis, paraurethral gland inflammation, pelvic lipomatosis, prostatic carcinoma, prostatic disease, prostatic tuberculosis, prostatitis, pyelitis, rectovesical fistula urethral cancer, urethral caruncle, urethral catheterization, urethral stricture, urethral syndrome, urethral trauma, urethritis, urinary incontinence, urinary obstruction, urinary stone, urinary tract infection, urinary tract malformation, urinary tract neoplasm, urolithiasis, vesicoureteral reflux, vesicovaginal fistula
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Poor perineal hygiene

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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