Mediastinitis overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Mediastinitis is inflammation or infection of the tissues in the mid-chest, or [[mediastinum]].<ref name="pmid23372962">{{cite journal| author=Koksal D, Bayiz H, Mutluay N, Koyuncu A, Demirag F, Dagli G et al.| title=Fibrosing mediastinitis mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma. | journal=J Thorac Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= E5-7 | pmid=23372962 | doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.07.03 | pmc=PMC3548007 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23372962 }} </ref> This disorder is rare, but is most often observed among patients following chest surgery or [[endoscopy]]. Mediastinitis may occur at any age.<ref name="pmid14759458">{{cite journal| author=Abboud CS, Wey SB, Baltar VT| title=Risk factors for mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 676-83 | pmid=14759458 | doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01523-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14759458 }} </ref> It may be classified according to cause into 2 groups: acute or chronic ( | Mediastinitis is inflammation or infection of the tissues in the mid-chest, or [[mediastinum]].<ref name="pmid23372962">{{cite journal| author=Koksal D, Bayiz H, Mutluay N, Koyuncu A, Demirag F, Dagli G et al.| title=Fibrosing mediastinitis mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma. | journal=J Thorac Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= E5-7 | pmid=23372962 | doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.07.03 | pmc=PMC3548007 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23372962 }} </ref> This disorder is rare, but is most often observed among patients following chest surgery or [[endoscopy]]. Mediastinitis may occur at any age.<ref name="pmid14759458">{{cite journal| author=Abboud CS, Wey SB, Baltar VT| title=Risk factors for mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 676-83 | pmid=14759458 | doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01523-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14759458 }} </ref> It may be classified according to cause into 2 groups: acute or chronic (fibrosing). Acute mediastinitis is usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. Chronic [[sclerosis|sclerosing]] (or fibrosing) mediastinitis, while potentially serious, is caused by a long-standing inflammation of the mediastinum, leading to growth of acellular collagen and fibrous tissue within the chest and around the central vessels and airways. Life threatening causes of mediastinitis include [[Boerhaave syndrome|esophageal perforation]]. Common causes of mediastinitis trauma, [[streptococcus|beta-hemolytic streptococcus]], [[vomiting|forceful or constant vomiting]] and [[median sternotomy]]. If left untreated, fibrosing mediastinitis may progress into [[sepsis]] and subsequently, death. The presence of mediastinitis among patients following chest surgery is observed to have a particularly poor prognosis; there is a serious risk of death.<ref name=XXA> Mediastinitis: a potentially lethal infection. Thoracics (2012). http://thoracics.org/2012/03/03/mediastinitis-noncardiac-surgery/ Accessed on September 25, 2015.</ref> Common complications of mediastinitis include sepsis and spread of the infection. Symptoms of mediastinitis include [[chest pain]], [[malaise]], and [[shortness of breath]]<ref name="pmid26336443">{{cite journal| author=Lewandowski B, Pakla P, Wołek W, Jednakiewicz M, Nicpoń J| title=A fatal case of descending necrotizing mediastinitis as a complication of odontogenic infection. A case report. | journal=Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol | year= 2014 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 324-8 | pmid=26336443 | doi=10.5114/kitp.2014.45685 | pmc=PMC4283893 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26336443 }} </ref> Common physical examination findings of mediastinitis include clinical signs of sepsis, [[tachycardia]], and [[tachypnoea]]<ref name=BBB>Acute Mediastinitis Following a Laparotomy for Small Bowel Obstruction. Journal of Current Surgery (2014) http://jcs.elmerpress.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/252 Accessed on September 28, 2015</ref>. [[CT Scan]] is the preferred imaging of choice for diagnosis of mediastinitis. Mediastinitis is characterized by the presence of calcified mediastinal mass. The mainstay of therapy in acute mediastinitis secondary to cardiothoracic surgery includes [[Clindamycin]] and [[Ceftriaxone]]. The preferred regimen for preoperative prophylaxis against acute mediastinitis includes either a second generation [[Cephalosporin]] or [[Vancomycin]]. Aggressive surgical debridement is the recommended among patients with descending necrotizing mediastinitis. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Mediastinitis may be classified according to cause into 2 groups: acute or chronic (fibrosing).<ref name=CAT> Mediastinitis. Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediastinitis Accessed on September 21, 2015</ref> | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
Mediastinitis is the inflammation or infection of the [[mediastinum]].<ref name="pmid23372962">{{cite journal| author=Koksal D, Bayiz H, Mutluay N, Koyuncu A, Demirag F, Dagli G et al.| title=Fibrosing mediastinitis mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma. | journal=J Thorac Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= E5-7 | pmid=23372962 | doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.07.03 | pmc=PMC3548007 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23372962 }} </ref> Although the pathogenesis of the infection remains unknown, radiographic, serologic, and/or histopathologic evidence of prior ''Histoplasma capsulatum'' infection, [[histoplasmosis]], or [[chronic granulomatous disease]] is always observed. <ref name=PAT> Histopathologic Overlap between Fibrosing Mediastinitis and IgG4-Related Disease. International Journal of Rheumatology (2012). http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijr/2012/207056/ Accessed on September 25, 2015 </ref> | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
[[Esophageal perforation]] is a life-threatening cause of mediastinitis. Common causes of mediastinitis include infections, trauma, [[endoscopy]], and forceful vomiting. | |||
==Differential Diagnosis== | ==Differential Diagnosis== | ||
Revision as of 17:40, 5 October 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anthony Gallo, B.S. [2]
Overview
Mediastinitis is inflammation or infection of the tissues in the mid-chest, or mediastinum.[1] This disorder is rare, but is most often observed among patients following chest surgery or endoscopy. Mediastinitis may occur at any age.[2] It may be classified according to cause into 2 groups: acute or chronic (fibrosing). Acute mediastinitis is usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. Chronic sclerosing (or fibrosing) mediastinitis, while potentially serious, is caused by a long-standing inflammation of the mediastinum, leading to growth of acellular collagen and fibrous tissue within the chest and around the central vessels and airways. Life threatening causes of mediastinitis include esophageal perforation. Common causes of mediastinitis trauma, beta-hemolytic streptococcus, forceful or constant vomiting and median sternotomy. If left untreated, fibrosing mediastinitis may progress into sepsis and subsequently, death. The presence of mediastinitis among patients following chest surgery is observed to have a particularly poor prognosis; there is a serious risk of death.[3] Common complications of mediastinitis include sepsis and spread of the infection. Symptoms of mediastinitis include chest pain, malaise, and shortness of breath[4] Common physical examination findings of mediastinitis include clinical signs of sepsis, tachycardia, and tachypnoea[5]. CT Scan is the preferred imaging of choice for diagnosis of mediastinitis. Mediastinitis is characterized by the presence of calcified mediastinal mass. The mainstay of therapy in acute mediastinitis secondary to cardiothoracic surgery includes Clindamycin and Ceftriaxone. The preferred regimen for preoperative prophylaxis against acute mediastinitis includes either a second generation Cephalosporin or Vancomycin. Aggressive surgical debridement is the recommended among patients with descending necrotizing mediastinitis.
Classification
Mediastinitis may be classified according to cause into 2 groups: acute or chronic (fibrosing).[6]
Pathophysiology
Mediastinitis is the inflammation or infection of the mediastinum.[1] Although the pathogenesis of the infection remains unknown, radiographic, serologic, and/or histopathologic evidence of prior Histoplasma capsulatum infection, histoplasmosis, or chronic granulomatous disease is always observed. [7]
Causes
Esophageal perforation is a life-threatening cause of mediastinitis. Common causes of mediastinitis include infections, trauma, endoscopy, and forceful vomiting.
Differential Diagnosis
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
CT
MRI
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgical Therapy
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Koksal D, Bayiz H, Mutluay N, Koyuncu A, Demirag F, Dagli G; et al. (2013). "Fibrosing mediastinitis mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma". J Thorac Dis. 5 (1): E5–7. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.07.03. PMC 3548007. PMID 23372962.
- ↑ Abboud CS, Wey SB, Baltar VT (2004). "Risk factors for mediastinitis after cardiac surgery". Ann Thorac Surg. 77 (2): 676–83. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01523-6. PMID 14759458.
- ↑ Mediastinitis: a potentially lethal infection. Thoracics (2012). http://thoracics.org/2012/03/03/mediastinitis-noncardiac-surgery/ Accessed on September 25, 2015.
- ↑ Lewandowski B, Pakla P, Wołek W, Jednakiewicz M, Nicpoń J (2014). "A fatal case of descending necrotizing mediastinitis as a complication of odontogenic infection. A case report". Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol. 11 (3): 324–8. doi:10.5114/kitp.2014.45685. PMC 4283893. PMID 26336443.
- ↑ Acute Mediastinitis Following a Laparotomy for Small Bowel Obstruction. Journal of Current Surgery (2014) http://jcs.elmerpress.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/252 Accessed on September 28, 2015
- ↑ Mediastinitis. Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediastinitis Accessed on September 21, 2015
- ↑ Histopathologic Overlap between Fibrosing Mediastinitis and IgG4-Related Disease. International Journal of Rheumatology (2012). http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijr/2012/207056/ Accessed on September 25, 2015