Neurofibroma causes: Difference between revisions
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* [[Neurofibromatosis type I|NF1]] is involved in the pathogenesis of [[plexiform neurofibroma]].<ref name=radio> Neurofibroma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Maxime St-Amant et al. Radiopaedia.org 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/neurofibroma </ref> | * [[Neurofibromatosis type I|NF1]] is involved in the pathogenesis of [[plexiform neurofibroma]].<ref name=radio> Neurofibroma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Maxime St-Amant et al. Radiopaedia.org 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/neurofibroma </ref> | ||
* The [[Neurofibromin 1|NF1]] gene is composed of 60 [[exons]] spanning 350kb of genomic data, and maps to chromosomal region [[CCL7|17q11.2]].<ref name="pmid8825042">{{cite journal |author=MH Shen, PS Harper, M Upadhyaya. |title=Molecular genetics of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=2–17 |year=1996 |pmid= 8825042|doi=10.1136/jmg.33.1.2 |pmc=1051805}}</ref> This gene codes for neurofibromin which is a large 220-250 KDa [[cytoplasm]]ic [[protein]] that is composed of 2,818 amino acids with three alternatively spliced exons (9a, 23a and 48a) in the encoding gene. The functional part of neurofibromin is a [[GTPase activating protein|GAP]], or GTPase-activating protein. GAP accelerates the conversion of the active GTP-bound RAS to its inactive GDP-bound form, inactivating RAS and reducing RAS-mediated growth signaling. Loss of RAS control leads to increased activity of other signaling pathways including [[c-Raf|RAF]], [[Extracellular signal-regulated kinases|ERK1/2]], [[Phosphoinositide 3-kinase|PI3K]], PAK and [[Mammalian target of rapamycin|mTOR-S6 kinase]]. It is suspected that this increased activity of downstream RAS pathways might work together to increase cell growth and survival.<ref name="pmid16069817">{{cite journal |author=Rubin JB, Gutmann DH. |title= Neurofibromatosis type 1 - a model for nervous system tumour formation? |journal=Nature Reviews Cancer |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=557–64 |year=2005 |pmid=16069817|doi=10.1038/nrc1653}}</ref><ref name="pmid8516298">{{cite journal |author=Johnson MR, Look AT, DeClue JE, Valentine MB, Lowy DR. |title= Inactivation of the NF1 gene in human melanoma and neuroblastoma cell lines without impaired regulation of GTP.Ras. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=5539–43 |year=1993 |pmid=8516298|doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5539 |pmc=46756}}</ref> | * The [[Neurofibromin 1|NF1]] gene is composed of 60 [[exons]] spanning 350kb of genomic data, and maps to chromosomal region [[CCL7|17q11.2]].<ref name="pmid8825042">{{cite journal |author=MH Shen, PS Harper, M Upadhyaya. |title=Molecular genetics of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=2–17 |year=1996 |pmid= 8825042|doi=10.1136/jmg.33.1.2 |pmc=1051805}}</ref> This gene codes for neurofibromin which is a large 220-250 KDa [[cytoplasm]]ic [[protein]] that is composed of 2,818 amino acids with three alternatively spliced exons (9a, 23a and 48a) in the encoding gene. The functional part of neurofibromin is a [[GTPase activating protein|GAP]], or GTPase-activating protein. GAP accelerates the conversion of the active GTP-bound RAS to its inactive GDP-bound form, inactivating RAS and reducing RAS-mediated growth signaling. Loss of RAS control leads to increased activity of other signaling pathways including [[c-Raf|RAF]], [[Extracellular signal-regulated kinases|ERK1/2]], [[Phosphoinositide 3-kinase|PI3K]], PAK and [[Mammalian target of rapamycin|mTOR-S6 kinase]]. It is suspected that this increased activity of downstream RAS pathways might work together to increase cell growth and survival.<ref name="pmid16069817">{{cite journal |author=Rubin JB, Gutmann DH. |title= Neurofibromatosis type 1 - a model for nervous system tumour formation? |journal=Nature Reviews Cancer |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=557–64 |year=2005 |pmid=16069817|doi=10.1038/nrc1653}}</ref><ref name="pmid8516298">{{cite journal |author=Johnson MR, Look AT, DeClue JE, Valentine MB, Lowy DR. |title= Inactivation of the NF1 gene in human melanoma and neuroblastoma cell lines without impaired regulation of GTP.Ras. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=5539–43 |year=1993 |pmid=8516298|doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5539 |pmc=46756}}</ref> | ||
===Loss of tumor suppressor function=== | ===Loss of tumor suppressor function=== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shanshan Cen, M.D. [2]
Overview
Causes
Neurofibromin 1 gene
- NF1 is involved in the pathogenesis of plexiform neurofibroma.[1]
- The NF1 gene is composed of 60 exons spanning 350kb of genomic data, and maps to chromosomal region 17q11.2.[2] This gene codes for neurofibromin which is a large 220-250 KDa cytoplasmic protein that is composed of 2,818 amino acids with three alternatively spliced exons (9a, 23a and 48a) in the encoding gene. The functional part of neurofibromin is a GAP, or GTPase-activating protein. GAP accelerates the conversion of the active GTP-bound RAS to its inactive GDP-bound form, inactivating RAS and reducing RAS-mediated growth signaling. Loss of RAS control leads to increased activity of other signaling pathways including RAF, ERK1/2, PI3K, PAK and mTOR-S6 kinase. It is suspected that this increased activity of downstream RAS pathways might work together to increase cell growth and survival.[3][4]
Loss of tumor suppressor function
Neurofibromas arise from nonmyelinating Schwann cells that only express the inactive version of the NF1 gene, which leads to a complete loss of expression of functional neurofibromin. While one defective allele may be inherited, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) must occur before a neurofibroma can form; this is called the ‘two-hit hypothesis’. This LOH happens by the same mechanisms, such as oxidative DNA damage, that causes mutations in other cells.
Once a nonmyelinating Schwann cell has suffered inactivation of its NF1 genes, it begins to proliferate rapidly. This condition is called hyperplasia, which is cell growth beyond what is normally seen. However, despite increased numbers of nonmyelinating Schwann cells, there is no neurofibroma yet. In order for the neurofibroma to develop, cells that are heterozygous for the NF1 gene must be recruited to the site. It has been hypothesized that the proliferating nonmyelinating Schwann cells secrete chemoattractants such as the KIT ligand, and angiogenic factors such as the heparin-binding growth factor midkine. These chemicals promote the migration of different kinds of cells that are heterozygous for the NF1 gene into the hyperplastic lesions created by the nonmyelinating Schwann cells. These cell types include fibroblasts, perineurial cells, endothelial cells, and mast cells. The mast cells then secrete mitogens or survival factors that alter the developing tumor microenvironment and result in neurofibroma formation.
Dermal and plexiform neurofibromas differ in later development stages, but the details are unclear at this point.
References
- ↑ Neurofibroma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Maxime St-Amant et al. Radiopaedia.org 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/neurofibroma
- ↑ MH Shen, PS Harper, M Upadhyaya. (1996). "Molecular genetics of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)". Journal of Medical Genetics. 33 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1136/jmg.33.1.2. PMC 1051805. PMID 8825042.
- ↑ Rubin JB, Gutmann DH. (2005). "Neurofibromatosis type 1 - a model for nervous system tumour formation?". Nature Reviews Cancer. 5 (7): 557–64. doi:10.1038/nrc1653. PMID 16069817.
- ↑ Johnson MR, Look AT, DeClue JE, Valentine MB, Lowy DR. (1993). "Inactivation of the NF1 gene in human melanoma and neuroblastoma cell lines without impaired regulation of GTP.Ras". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 90 (12): 5539–43. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5539. PMC 46756. PMID 8516298.