Altered mental status causes: Difference between revisions

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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|2|
{{columns-list|3|
*[[diverticulitis|Acute diverticulitis]]
*[[Eclampsia]]
*[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
*[[oxycontin]]
*[[Advanced sleep phase syndrome|Advanced sleep phase disorder]]
*[[Acidosis]]
*[[Analgesics]]: mostly prescribed or illicit [[opiates]] such as [[oxycontin]]
*[[Acute altitude sickness]]
*[[Antiepileptic]]s such as [[phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]], [[gabapentin]]
*[[Delirium|Acute confusional state]]
*[[Antidepressants]]: for instance sedating [[tricyclic antidepressants]]
*[[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]]
*[[Antihistamines]]: [[diphenhydramine]] and [[doxylamine]]
*[[Diverticulitis|Acute diverticulitis]]
*[[Antihypertensive]] medications like [[amlodipine]]
*[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]  
*[[Antipsychotics]]: [[thioridazine]], [[quetiapine]], [[olanzapine]], [[risperidone]], and [[ziprasidone]] but not [[haloperidol]]
*[[Acute liver failure]]
*[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Acute renal failure]]  
*[[Liver failure|Acute Liver failure]]
*[[Acyclovir]]
*[[Renal failure|Acute Renal failure]]
*[[Addisonian crisis]]
*[[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]]
*[[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]]
*[[Adrenoleukodystrophy|Adrenal leukodystrophy]]
*[[Advanced sleep phase syndrome|Advanced sleep phase disorder]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Alcohol intoxication|Alcohol overdose]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Altitude sickness|Acute altitude sickness]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal syndrome]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Alfentanil]]
*[[Alphaprodine]]
*[[Acute altitude sickness]]
*[[Amantadine]]
*[[Amiloride]]
*[[Aminoacidemia]]
*[[Aminoglycosides]]
*[[Aminophylline]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Amphetamine]]
*[[Amphotericin B]]
*[[Antiarrhythmics]]
*[[Anticholinergics]]
*[[Antidepressants]]
*[[Antiemetics]]
*[[Antiepileptics]]
*[[Antihistamines]]
*[[Antihistamines]]
*[[Antipsychotics]]
*[[Antihistamines]]  
*Benzodiazepine receptor agonists: [[Eszopiclone]], [[Zolpidem]], [[Zaleplon]]
*[[Antimalarials]]  
*[[Antipsychotic agents]]
*[[Antispasmodics]]
*[[Anxiety|Anxiety state]]
*[[Apomorphine]]
*[[Appendicitis]]
*[[Aripiprazole]]
*[[Armodafinil]]
*[[Arrhythmias]]
*[[Asparaginase]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Atropa belladonna|Atropa belladonna extract]]
*[[Atropine]]
*[[Baclofen]]
*[[Bacterial meningitis]]
*[[Barbiturates]]
*[[Bartonella infections ]]
*[[Basilar occlusion]]
*[[Benzodiazepines]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Anterior cerebral artery|Bilateral anterior cerebral artery occlusion]]
*[[Bilateral internal carotid occlusion]]  
*[[Basal ganglia diseases]]
*[[Bipolar disorder]]
*[[Blinatumomab]]  
*[[Brain abscess]]
*[[Brain abscess]]
*[[Cerebral edema|Brain edema]]
*[[Brain damage]]
*[[Brain edema]]
*[[Brain infection]]
*[[Brain infection]]
*[[Central nervous system infection|Brain or epidural abscess]]
*[[Cerebral hypoxia]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Dopamine agonists]] used in the treatment of [[parkinson's disease]] e.g. [[pergolide]], ropinirole and [[pramipexole]].
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Brain tumor]]
*[[Brainstem stroke|Brainstem hemorrhage]]
*[[Brain stem infarction]]
*[[Brainstem thrombencephalitis]]
*[[Brief psychotic disorder]]
*[[Brill-Zinsser disease ]]
*[[Bromide]]
*[[Bromocriptine]]
*[[Eastern brown snake|Brown snake poisoning ]]
*[[Bupivacaine]]
*[[Buprenorphine]]
*[[Milk-alkali syndrome|Burnett's syndrome ]]
*[[Burns]]
*[[Burns]]
*[[Cabergoline]]
*[[Butorphanol]]
*[[Carbon monoxide toxicity]]
*[[Cabergoline]]
*[[Paregoric|Camphorated opium tincture]]
*[[Carbamazepine]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Carbon tetrachloride]]
*[[Carbon tetrachloride]]
*[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid crisis ]]
*[[Cardiac failure]]
*[[Cardiac failure]]
*[[Carotid artery stenosis]]
*[[Cat scratch disease ]]
*[[Catatonia]]
*[[Central pontine myelinolysis]]
*[[Cephalosporins]]
*[[Cerebral abscess]]
*[[Cerebral hypoxia]]
*[[Cerebral infarction]]
*[[Cerebral infarction]]
*[[Cerebral malaria]]
*[[Cerebral malaria]]
*[[Cerebral oedema]]
*[[Cerebral oedema]]
*[[Cerebrovascular accident]]
*[[Cerebral vasculitis]]
*[[Cerebrovascular accident]]
*[[Chest infection]]
*[[Porphyria|Chester porphyria]]
*[[Chlophedianol]]
*[[Chloroquine]]
*[[Chlorpheniramine]]
*[[Chlorpromazine]]
*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[Chronic liver failure]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Cinnarizine]]
*[[Ciprofloxacin]]
*[[Cirrhosis of liver]]
*[[Citrullinemia type 2]]
*[[Clomethiazole]]
*[[Clonazepam]]
*[[Clonidine]]
*[[Clozapine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Codeine]]
*[[Quinolones]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Constipation]]
*[[Constipation]]
*[[Cope's syndrome ]]
*[[Coproporphyria, hereditary]]
*[[Snake venoms|Coral snake poisoning ]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]
*[[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]
*[[Cushing syndrome]]
*[[Cyanide]]
*[[Cyclazocine]]
*[[Cyclobenzaprine]]
*[[Cycloserine]]
*[[Daphne poisoning]]
*[[Decompression sickness]]
*[[Cardiac output|Decreased cardiac output ]]
*[[Phosphate levels low (plasma or serum)|Decreased serum phosphate ]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]]
*[[Delayed sleep phase syndrome]]
*[[Dementia]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Dopamine agonists]] used in the treatment of [[parkinson's disease]] e.g. [[pergolide]], ropinirole and [[pramipexole]].
*[[Deserpidine]]
*[[Lower respiratory tract infection classification|Chest infection]]
*[[Desipramine]]
*[[Liver failure|Chronic Liver failure]]
*[[Dexamfetamine]]
*[[Renal failure|Chronic Renal failure]]
*[[Dextromoramide]]  
*[[Coproporphyria, hereditary]]
*[[Dezocine]]
*[[Cushing syndrome]]
*[[Diabetic coma]]
*[[Cyanide]]
*[[Daphne poisoning ]]
*[[Decompression sickness]]
*[[Diabetic hypoglycemia]]
*[[Diabetic hypoglycemia]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
*[[Drug overdose]]
*[[Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome|Dialysis encephalopathy]]
*[[Diamorphine]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Diffuse ischemia (myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmia)]]
*[[Digoxin]]
*[[Dihydrocodeine]]
*[[Dilutional hyponatremia ]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
*[[Dipipanone]]
*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
*[[Disulfiram]]
*[[Diuretics]]
*[[D-lactic acidosis]]
*[[Domperidone]]
*[[Donepezil]]
*[[Dopamine agonists]]
*[[Dothiepin]]
*[[Drug abuse]]
*[[Drug overdose]]  
*[[Drug withdrawal]]
*[[Drug withdrawal]]
*[[Eclampsia]]
*[[Electric shock]]
*[[Electric shock]]
*[[Endocrine diseases|Elevated or depressed adrenal function]]
*[[Electrocution]]
*[[Endocrine diseases|Elevated or depressed pancreas function]]
*[[Electrolyte disturbance]]
*[[Endocrine diseases|Elevated or depressed pituitary function]]
*[[Elevated or depressed adrenal function]]
*[[Encephalitis]]
*[[Elevated or depressed pancreas function]]  
*[[Encephalitis]]
*[[Encephalitis]]
*[[Encephalopathy]]
*[[Endocrine disturbance ]]
*[[Epidemic typhus  ]]
*[[Epidural haemorrhage]]
*[[Epidural hematoma]]
*[[Epidural hematoma]]
*[[Epidural haemorrhage]]
*[[Epileptic seizures]]  
*[[Epileptic seizures]]
*[[Ethanol]]
*[[Ethanol]]
*[[Ethosuximide]]
*[[Ethotoin]]
*[[Ethylene glycol]]
*[[Ethylene glycol]]
*[[Fat embolism]]
*[[Ethylmorphine]]
*[[Folate deficiency]]
*[[Extradural hematoma]]
*[[Gangrene ]]
*[[Fat emboli]]
*[[Hallucinogens]]
*[[Fentanyl]]
*[[delirium|Fever-related delirium]]
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Fits]]
*[[Fludarabine]]
*[[Fluoroquinolones]]  
*[[Folate deficiency]]
*[[Fungal meningitis]]
*[[Gamma hydroxybutyrate]]
*[[Gangrene]]
*[[General anaesthesia]]
*[[Glutethimide]]
*[[Guanethidine]]
*[[Hallucinogens]]  
*[[Head injury]]
*[[Head injury]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Heart attack]]
*[[Heart failure]]  
*[[Heat stroke]]
*[[Heat stroke]]
*[[Heroin]]
*[[Henbane]]
*[[HIV]] medications for example, [[efavirenz]]
*[[Hepatic encephalopathy]]
*[[Hypnotics]] like [[zopiclone]], or the [[benzodiazepine]] such as [[diazepam]] or [[nitrazepam]] and the [[barbiturate]], such as [[amobarbital]] or [[secobarbital]]
*[[Hepatic failure]]  
*[[Thyroid#Diseases|Hperthyroidism]]
*[[Herbal agent overdose  ]]  
*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Hpherphosphatemia]]
*[[Heroin overdose]]  
*[[Histamine-2 receptor blocker]]  
*[[Hiv medications for example, efavirenz]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hyperphosphatemia]]  
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]]  
*[[Hydrocarbon|Hydrocarbon poisoning]]
*[[Hydrocephalus]]
*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
*[[Hydrogen sulfide]]
*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Hyomagnesemia]]
*[[Hydromorphone]]
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Hydroxyzine]]
*[[Hydrocephalus]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hyperbaric sickness]]
*[[Hyperammonemia]]
*[[Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Hyperbaric sickness]]  
*[[Hypercarbia]]
*[[Hypercalcaemia]]
*[[Hypercapnia]]
*[[Hypercarbia]]
*[[Hypercoagulable state]]
*[[Hypereosinophilia]]
*[[Hypereosinophilia]]
*[[Hyperglycemia]]
*[[Hyperglycemia]]
*[[Electrolyte disturbance|Hypermagnesia]]
*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
*[[Hypernatremia]]
*[[Hypernatremia]]
*[[Hyperestrogenism|Hyperoestrogenic states]]
*[[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]]
*[[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]]
*[[Hyperosmolar syndrome|Hyperosmolar states]]
*[[Hyperosmolar syndrome|Hyperosmolar states]]
*[[Hypertensive encephalopathy]]
*[[Hypertensive encephalopathy]]  
*[[Hyperthermia]]
*[[Hyperthermia]]  
*[[Hyperthyroid]]
*[[Hyperthyroid]]
*[[Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypnotics like ]]
*[[Hyponatremia]]
*[[Hypocalcaemia]]
*[[Hyponatremia causes|hypoosmolar states]]
*[[Hypoglycaemia]]
*[[Hypophosphatemia]]
*[[Hypokalaemia]]
*[[Hypopituitarism]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hyponatraemia]]  
*[[Hyponatremia causes|Hypoosmolar states]]
*[[Hypophosphatemia ]]
*[[Hypopituitarism]]
*[[Hypotension]]
*[[Hypothermia]]  
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypovolemia]]
*[[Hypoxemia]]
*[[Hypoxemia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Hypoxia (medical)|Hypoxic injury]]
*[[Hysteria]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[Overdose|Illegal drug overdose]]  
*[[Infections]]
*[[Infections]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]] (glandular fever)
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Intracranial abscess / granuloma]]
*[[Interferon]]
*[[Intracranial bleeding]]
*[[Interleukin-2]]
*[[Central nervous system infection|Intraspinal abscess / granuloma]]
*[[Internal bleeding]]
*[[Datura stramonium|Jimson weed]]
*[[Interstitial nephritis ]]
*[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
*[[Intracranial abscess / granuloma ]]  
*[[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]]
*[[Iron compounds]]
*[[Isoniazid]]
*[[Jimson weed]]
*[[Ketamine]]
*[[Ketobemidone]]
*[[Kidney failure]]
*[[Kleine–Levin syndrome]]
*[[Korsakoff's Syndrome]]
*[[Lactic acidosis]]
*[[Lanatoside C]]
*[[L-dopa]]  
*[[Lead]]
*[[Lead]]
*[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia natural history, complications and prognosis|Leukemic blast cell crisis]]
*[[Legionella infection ]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lenalidomide]]
*[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia|Leukemic blast cell crisis]]
*[[Leukoencephalopathy]]
*[[Leukostasis]]
*[[Levetiracetam]]
*[[Levodopa]]
*[[Levomepromazine]]
*[[Levorphanol]]
*[[Lewy body dementia]]
*[[Lidocaine]]
*[[Linezolid]]
*[[Lipid storage disorder|Lipid storage diseases]]
*[[Listeria]]
*[[Lithium]]  
*[[Liver failure]]
*[[Liver failure]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Loperamide]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Lorazepam]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Lysergic acid diethylamide]]
*[[Lysuride]]
*[[Macrolides]]  
*[[Malaria]]  
*[[Malignant hypertension]]
*[[Malignant hypertension]]
*[[Mandrake (plant)|Mandrake]]
*[[Manganese]]
*[[Marijuana]]
*[[Marijuana]]
*Melatonin receptor agonists: [[Ramelteon]]
*[[Massive or bilateral supratentorial infarction]]
*[[Medication side effects]]
*[[Memantine]]
*[[Glomerulonephritis classification|Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis  ]]
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
*[[Meningoencephalitis]]
*[[Mesenteric ischemia]]
*[[Mental health]]
*[[Meptazinol]]
*[[Glomerulonephritis classification|Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type]]
*[[Mescaline]]
*[[Mesenteric ischemia]]
*[[Methadone]]
*[[Methadyl acetate]]
*[[Methaemoglobinemia  ]]  
*[[Methanol]]
*[[Methanol]]
*[[Muscle relaxant]]
*[[Methcathinone]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Myxedema coma]]
*[[Methyldopate]]
*[[Neurocysticercosis]]
*[[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine]]
*[[Methylphenidate]]
*[[Metronidazole]]
*[[Brain stem tumor|Midline brainstem tumor]]
*[[Milk|Milk poisoning  ]]
*[[Mirtazapine]]
*[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]
*[[Monomethylhydrazine]]
*[[Morphine]]
*[[Mucormycosis]]
*[[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy|Multifocal leukoencephalopathy]]
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Muscle relaxant]]
*[[Mushrooms]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]  
*[[Myxedema coma]]
*[[Nabilone]]
*[[Nalbuphine]]
*[[Nalidixic acid]]
*[[Narcolepsy]]
*[[Nelarabine]]
*[[Neurocysticercosis]]
*[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
*[[Neurosyphilis]]
*[[Neurosyphilis]]
*[[Niacin|Niacin deficiencies]]
*[[Niacin deficiency]]
*[[Nickel|Nickel poisoning]]
*[[Pellagra|Niacin deficiency]]
*[[Nickel|Nickel poisoning]]
*[[Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis]]  
*[[Nonconvulsive status epilepticus]]
*[[Nonconvulsive status epilepticus]]
*[[Organic solvent]]
*[[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]
*[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
*[[Norfloxacin]]
*[[Norpropoxyphene]]
*[[Nortriptyline]]
*[[Noscapine]]
*[[Olanzapine]]
*[[Opiates]]
*[[Opium]]
*[[Organic solvent]]  
*[[Oxazepam]]
*[[Oxycodone]]
*[[Oxymorphone]]
*[[Pain]]
*[[Pain attack]]
*[[Panayiotopoulos syndrome]]
*[[Papaveretum]]
*[[Paraldehyde]]
*[[Pellagra]]
*[[Penicillins]]
*[[Pentazocine]]
*[[Perampanel]]
*[[Perazine]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Pethidine]]
*[[Phaeochromocytoma]]
*[[Phaeochromocytoma]]
*[[Phenazocine]]
*[[Phencyclidine]]
*[[Phencyclidine]]
*[[Phenelzine]]
*[[Phenobarbital]]
*[[Phenoperidine]]
*[[Phenothiazines]]
*[[Phentermine]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Pholcodine]]
*[[Pick's disease]]
*[[Pipothiazine]]
*[[Piribedil]]
*[[Piritramide]]
*[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
*[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
*[[Pizotifen]]
*[[Plague]]
*[[Plague]]
*[[Conium|Poison hemlock]]
*[[Poison hemlock]]
*[[Polycythemia]]
*[[Polycythemia]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Polypharmacy]]
*[[Pomalidomide]]
*[[Pontine hemorrhage*]]
*[[Porphobilinogen synthase|Porphobilinogen synthase deficiency]]
*[[Porphyria]]  
*[[Postictal state]]
*[[Postictal state]]
*Postoperative [[stress]]
*[[Postictal state]]
*[[Encephalomyelitis|Postinfectious encephalomyelitis]]
*[[septicemia |Postoperative septicemia  ]]
*[[Stress|Postoperative stress]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Prednisolone]]
*[[Preeclampsia ]]
*[[Presbyacusis]]
*[[Primidone]]
*[[Prochlorperazine]]
*[[Propoxyphene]]
*[[Propranolol]]
*[[Prothrombotic state]]
*[[Psilocybin]]
*[[Psychiatric disorders]]
*[[List of psychotropic medications|Psychotropics]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]  
*[[Pyelonephritis, acute]]
*[[Pyelonephritis, acute]]
*[[Quinine]]
*[[Quinolones]]
*[[Quinolones]]
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Rabies]]
*[[Raised intracranial pressure]]
*[[Raised intracranial pressure]]
*[[Renal failure, acute]]
*[[Ramelteon]]
*[[Renal failure, chronic]]
*[[Rasagiline]]
*[[Epidemic typhus|Recrudescent typhus]]
*[[Remifentanil]]
*[[Renal failure, acute]]  
*[[Renal failure, chronic]]
*[[Reserpine]]
*[[Respiratory acidosis]]
*[[Respiratory failure]]
*[[Respiratory failure]]
*[[Rickettsiae]]
*[[Retigabine]]
*[[Schizoaffective disorder]]
*[[Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome]]
*[[Reye's encephalopathy]]
*[[Reye's syndrome]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Mucormycosis|Rhinocerebral mucormycosis ]]
*[[Mucormycosis|Rhinocerebral zygomycosis  ]]
*[[Rickettsiae]]
*[[Rifampin]]
*[[Risperidone]]
*[[Rivastigmine]]
*[[Ropinirole]]
*[[Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis|Sagittal sinus thrombosis]]
*[[Salicylate]]
*[[Salvia]]
*[[Schizoaffective disorder]]
*[[Schizophrenia]]
*[[Sedative hypnotics]]
*[[Sedatives]]
*[[Seizure]]
*[[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]]
*[[Selegiline]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Septic shock]]
*[[Serotonin syndrome]]
*[[Serotonin syndrome]]
*[[Severe hemorrhage]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Sick building syndrome]]
*[[Skull fracture]]
*[[Skull fracture]]
*[[Sleep apnea]]
*[[Sleep apnea]]
*[[Sleeping sickness (East African)]]
*[[African trypanosomiasis|Sleeping sickness (east african)]]
*[[Sleeping sickness (West African)]]
*[[African trypanosomiasis|Sleeping sickness (west african)]]
*[[Spider bite]]
*[[St John's wort]]  
*[[Starvation]]
*[[Starvation]]
*[[Subdural empyema]]
*[[Steroid abuse]]
*[[Subdural hematoma]]
*[[Streptococcal infections  ]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Wound#infectionSurgical wound infection]]
*[[Subacute bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Subarachnoid haemorrhage]]
*[[Subdural empyema]]  
*[[Subdural haemorrhage]]
*[[Adult brain tumors classification|Subependymoma]]
*[[Sufentanil]]
*[[Suicide]]
*[[Sulfonamides]]
*[[Infection|Surgical wound infection]]
*[[encephalopathy|Acute encephalopathy]]
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Systemic infection]]
*[[Systemic infection]]
*[[systemic inflammatory response syndrome]]
*[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]]
*[[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome|Systemic organ failure]]
*[[Tacrolimus]]
*[[Mescalbean|Texas Mescalbean poisoning]]  
*[[Tapentadol]]
*[[Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency]]
*[[Teen drug abuse]]
*[[Thallium|Thallium Sulfate poisoning]]
*[[Temazepam]]
*[[Temporal lobe epilepsy]]
*[[Tetrahydrocannabinol]]  
*[[Dermatophyllum|Texas mescalbean poisoning]]
*[[Thalamic hemorrhage*]]
*[[Thallium]]
*[[Thebaine]]
*[[Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency]]  
*[[Thrombocytosis]]
*[[Thrombocytosis]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Thyroid storm]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[Tilidine]]
*[[Tolcapone]]
*[[Toluene]]
*[[Toluene]]
*[[Toxic mushrooms -- Monomethylhydrazine]]
*[[Toxins]]
*[[Tramadol]]
*[[Tranquilizers]]
*[[Transient global amnesia]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
*[[Trihexyphenidyl]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Unconscious state]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Uremic encephalopathy  ]]
*[[Ureterosigmoidostomy]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urine retention]]
*[[Valacyclovir]]
*[[Valerian]]
*[[Valproate]]
*[[Valproic acid]]
*[[Valproic acid]]
*[[Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia]]
*[[Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vascular dementia]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vasovagal attack]]
*[[Vegetative state]]
*[[Venous sinus thrombosis]]
*[[Venous sinus thrombosis]]
*[[Ventricular arrhythmia]]
*[[Ventricular arrhythmia]]
*[[Vibrio Infections ]]
*[[Vigabatrin]]
*[[Viral encephalitis]]
*[[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Viral hemorrhagic fever]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]]
*[[Conium|Water hemlock poisoning]]
*[[Vitiligo mental retardation facial dysmorphism uremia  ]]
*[[Water hemlock poisoning]]
*[[Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome]]
*[[Wernicke syndrome]]  
*[[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
*[[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
*[[Wilson's disease]]
*[[West nile encephalitis  ]]
*Withdrawal states e.g. [[ethanol]], [[benzodiazepines]]
*[[West Nile fever  ]]
*[[Wilson disease]]
*[[Withdrawal from drug or alcohol dependence]]
*[[Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome]]
*[[Withdrawal states ]]
*[[Young mckeever squier syndrome  ]]
*[[Ziconotide]]
*[[Ziprasidone ]]
*[[Zonisamide]]
*[[Zotepine]]
*[[Zygomycosis  ]]
}}
}}


Revision as of 12:30, 19 November 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Pratik Bahekar, MBBS [2] Kiran Singh, M.D. [3]

Overview

Altered mental status has varying time courses and degrees of severity. Acute changes in mental status are usually secondary to delirium, stupor, and coma, which are forms of acute brain dysfunction. These changes occur over a period of hours or days and are usually precipitated by an underlying medical illness that is potentially life threatening. Chronic alterations in mental status (e.g. dementia) occur over a period of months and years and are less likely to be precipitated by a life-threatening illness. For these reasons, acute changes in mental status will be the focus of this review. Altered mental status is rarely caused by psychiatric illnesses such as depression or schizophrenia, and in elder patients, these should be diagnoses of exclusion. Acute brain dysfunction (delirium, stupor, and coma) and their underlying etiology should be ruled out prior to considering any psychiatric diagnoses, especially in patients without a previous history of psychiatric illness.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Malignant hypertension, Heart failure, Myocardial infarction, Congestive heart failure, Ventricular arrhythmia
Chemical/Poisoning Withdrawal states from ethanol, benzodiazepines,Water hemlock poisoning, Toxic mushrooms -- Monomethylhydrazine ,Toluene, Texas Mescalbean poisoning,Poison hemlock, Organic solvent, Methanol , Marijuana, Lead, Jimson weed, Hyperbaric sickness, Hydrogen sulfide , Heroin ,Hallucinogens, Ethylene glycol, Ethanol, Daphne poisoning, Cyanide, Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon monoxide toxicity, Alcohol withdrawal, Thallium Sulfate poisoning,Phencyclidine poisoning, Nickel, Carbonyl poisoning
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Muscle relaxants, Serotonin syndrome, Quinolones, Lithium, Drug withdrawal, Drug overdose,Cabergoline, Antihistamines, Antidepressants: for instance sedating tricyclic antidepressants, Analgesics: mostly prescribed or illicit opiates such as oxycontin, Antiepileptics such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, gabapentin, Antihistamines: diphenhydramine and doxylamine, Antipsychotics: thioridazine, quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone but not haloperidol, HIV medications for example, efavirenz, Antihypertensive medications like amlodipine, Hypnotics like zopiclone, or the benzodiazepine such as diazepam or nitrazepam and the barbiturate, such as amobarbital or secobarbital, Benzodiazepine receptor agonists: Eszopiclone, Zolpidem, Zaleplon, Dopamine agonists used in the treatment of parkinson's disease e.g. pergolide, ropinirole and pramipexole, Antiepileptics such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, gabapentin
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Pituitary apoplexy, Phaeochromocytoma, Hypothyroidism, Hypopituitarism, Hypoglycemia, Hyperthyroidism,Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma, Hyperglycemia, Hyperthyroidism, Elevated or depressed pituitary function ,Elevated or depressed adrenal function, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Diabetic hypoglycemia, Cushing syndrome, Adrenal cortex insufficiency , Thyrotoxicosis, Myxedema coma, Pituitary apoplexy
Environmental Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, Heat stroke, Electric shock, Decompression sickness, Acute Altitude sickness
Gastroenterologic Elevated or depressed pancreas function, Chronic Liver failure, Acute Liver failure, Mesenteric ischemia, Appendicitis, Acute diverticulitis, Constipation
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Thrombocytosis, Polycythemia, Leukemic blast cell crisis, Hypereosinophilia
Iatrogenic Postoperative stress
Infectious Disease Viral hemorrhagic fever, Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia, Urinary tract infection, Typhoid fever, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Systemic infection, Wound#infectionSurgical wound infection, Subdural empyema, Sleeping sickness (West African), Sleeping sickness (East African), Sepsis, Rickettsiae, Rabies , Pyelonephritis, acute, Plague , Neurocysticercosis,Malaria, Intraspinal abscess / granuloma, Intracranial abscess / granuloma, Gangrene , Chest infection, Cerebral malaria,Brain or epidural abscess, Brain infection, Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever), Lyme disease
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Fibromyalgia
Neurologic Venous sinus thrombosis, Raised intracranial pressure, Postictal state, Nonconvulsive status epilepticus,Meningoencephalitis, Meningitis, Intracranial bleeding, Hypertensive encephalopathy, Epileptic seizures, Epidural haemorrhage,Encephalitis, Encephalitis, Cerebrovascular accident, Cerebral oedema, Cerebral infarction, Brain tumor, Brain abscess, Subdural hematoma, Epidural hematoma, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Brain tumor, Neurosyphilis, Sleep apnea, Brain edema, Cerebral hypoxia, Hydrocephalus
Nutritional/Metabolic Wilson's disease, Wernicke's encephalopathy, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, Niacin deficiencies, Folate deficiency, Acute intermittent porphyria, Starvation
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Schizoaffective disorder , Advanced sleep phase disorder, Delayed sleep phase syndrome
Pulmonary Respiratory failure, Hypoxemia, Hypercarbia
Renal/Electrolyte Hypophosphatemia, hypoosmolar states, Hyponatremia, Hypocalcemia, Hyperosmolar states, Hypernatremia,

Hypermagnesemia, Hypercalcemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hyperphosphatemia, Chronic Renal failure, Acute Renal failure, Uremia, Dehydration

Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Trauma, Skull fracture, Head injury
Urologic Urinary Track Infection
Miscellaneous Coproporphyria, Burns, Chronic fatigue syndrome

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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References

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