Leiomyoma

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Shanshan Cen, M.D. [3]

Synonyms and keywords:

Diagnosis

Staging | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | X Ray | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies | Biopsy

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Related Chapters

• Myosarcoma

Pathophysiology

Uterine Leiomyomata

Main article: Uterine fibroids

Uterine fibroids are leiomyomata of the uterine smooth muscle. As other leiomyomata, they are benign, but may lead to excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), often cause anemia and may lead to infertility. Enucleation is removal of fibroids without removing the uterus (hysterectomy), which is also commonly performed. Laser surgery (called myolysis) is increasingly used, and provides a viable alternative to surgery.

Uterine leiomyomas originate in the myometrium and are classified by location:

• Submucosal – lie just beneath the endometrium.
• Intramural – lie within the uterine wall.
• Subserous – lies at the serosal surface of the uterus or may bulge out from the myometrium and can become pedunculated.

Estrogen and progesterone usually stimulate their growth, and hormone suppression may hence decrease their size.

Esophageal

They are also the most common benign esophageal tumour, though this accounts for less than 1% of esophageal neoplasms. The remainder consists mainly of carcinomas. Although the vast majority of benign esophageal tumors are clinically silent and go undetected, large or strategically located tumors may become symptomatic.

Leiomyoma of Jejunum

Leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor of small bowel. Approximately 50% of cases are found in the jejunum, followed by the ileum in 31% of cases. Almost one half of all lesions are less than 5 centimeters.

Gross Pathology

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  Leiomyoma enucleated from a uterus. External surface on left; cut surface on right

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  A large, solitary leiomyoma in the uterus, distoring the endometrial cavity into a Y shape by splaying and pressing it downwards.
  (Image courtesy of Ed Uthman, MD)

epidemiology and demographics

The disease is 5 times more common in Afro-American females.

CT

CT images demonstrate a right broad ligament leiomyoma

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MRI

• Differential diagnosis at MR imaging includes adenomyosis, solid adnexal mass, focal myometrial contraction, and uterine leiomyosarcoma.
• Nondegenerated uterine leiomyomas have a typical appearance at MR imaging: well-circumscribed masses of homogeneously decreased signal intensity compared with that of the outer myometrium on T2-weighted images.
• Degenerated leiomyomas have variable appearances on T2-weighted images and contrast-enhanced images.

Patient #1: MR images demonstrate large degenerating leiomyomas

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Patient #2: MR images demonstrate a leiomyoma prolapsing into the endometrial canal

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ultrasound

Diagnosis depends on position of the myomas. Traditional transabdominal or transvaginal ultrasonogram can detect large submucosal and transmural myomas. For submucosal myomas saline infusion sonography is the best.

Other Imaging Findings

Hysterosalpingogram(HSG)

Hysterosalpingogram(HSG) reveals a submucosal leiomyoma

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