| Mnemonic
|
Phrase
|
Description
|
| Aortic regurgitation: causes
|
CREAM
|
- Congenital
- Rheumatic damage
- Endocarditis
- Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation
- Marfan’s
|
| Aortic stenosis characteristics
|
SAD
|
|
| Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left
|
Aorta=Right
Vena Cava=Left
|
- Aorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right
- Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left
|
| Aortic to left Subclavian path
|
ABC'S
|
- Aortic arch gives rise to:
- Brachiocephalic trunk left
- Common Carotid left Subclavian
|
| Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable
|
HILT
|
- Heaving
- Impalpable
- Laterally displaced
- Thrusting/ Tapping
If it's impalpable, causes are COPD: COPD Obesity Pleural, Pericardial effusion Dextrocardia
|
| Atrial Fibrillation causes
|
PIRATES
|
- Pulmonary: PE, COPD
- Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation
- Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
- Thyroid: hyperthyroid
- Endocarditis
- Sick sinus syndrome
|
| Atrial fibrillation management
|
ABCD
|
- Anti-cogulant
- Beta-block to control rate
- Cardiovert
- Digoxin
|
| Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)| style="text-align: center;"
|
3 D's
|
- Distant heart sounds
- Distended jugular veins
- Decreased arterial pressure
|
| Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers
|
Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium:
|
- Betaxolol
- Acebutelol
- Esmolol
- Atenolol
- Metoprolol
|
| CHF Treatment
|
LMNOP
|
- Lasix
- Morphine
- Nitrites
- Oxygen
- VassoPressors
|
| CHF: causes of exacerbation
|
FAILURE
|
Forgot medication
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia Ischemia
Infarction/ Infection
Lifestyle: taken too much salt
Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary
|
| Complications of Myocardial Infarction
|
Darth Vader
|
- Death
- Arrythmia
- Rupture(free ventricular wall/ ventricular septum/ papillary muscles)
- Tamponade
- Heart failure (acute or chronic)
- Valve disease
- Aneurysm of Ventricles
- Dressler's Syndrome
- ThromboEmbolism (mural thrombus)
- Recurrence/ mitral Regurgitation
|
| Coronary artery bypass graft: indications
|
DUST
|
- Depressed ventricular function
- Unstable angina
- Stenosis of the left main stem
- Triple vessel disease
|
| ECG: left vs. right bundle block
|
WiLLiaM MaRRoW
|
- W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block
- M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block
|
| Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications
|
RAMP
|
- Recent MI
- Aortic stenosis
- MI in the last 7 days
- Pulmonary hypertension
|
| Heart valve sequence
|
Try Puling My Aorta
|
- Tricuspid
- Pulmonary
- Mitral (bicuspid)
- Aorta
|
| Infarctions
|
INFRACTIONS
|
- IV access
- Narcotic analgesics (e.g. morphine, pethidine)
- Facilities for defibrillation (DF)
- Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)
- Rest
- Converting enzyme inhibitor
- Thrombolysis IV beta blocker
- Oxygen 60%
- Nitrates
- Stool Softeners
|
| JVP: wave form
|
ASK ME
|
- Atrial contraction
- Systole (ventricular contraction)
- Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling
- Maximal atrial filling
- Emptying of atrium
|
| MI: basic management
|
BOOMAR
|
- Bed rest
- Oxygen
- Opiate
- Monitor
- Anticoagulate
- Reduce clot size
|
| MI: signs and symptoms
|
PULSE
|
- Persistent chest pains
- Upset stomach
- Light headedness
- Shortness of breath
- Excessive sweating
|
| MI: therapeutic treatment
|
O BATMAN!
|
- Oxygen
- Beta-blocker
- ASA
- Thrombolytics (e.g. heparin)
- Morphine
- Ace PRN
- Nitroglycerin
|
| MI: treatment of acute MI
|
COAG
|
- Cyclomorph
- Oxygen
- Aspirin
- Glycerol trinitrate
|
| Murmur attributes
|
IL PQRST
|
- Intensity
- Location
- Pitch
- Quality
- Radiation
- Shape
- Timing
|
| Murmurs: innocent murmur features
|
8 S's
|
- Soft
- Systolic
- Short
- Sounds (S1 & S2) normal
- Symptomless
- Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
- Standing
- Sitting (vary with position)
- Sternal depression
|
| Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration
|
LEft = E Right = I
|
- LEft sided murmurs louder with Expiration
- RIght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration.
|
| Murmurs: questions to ask
|
SCRIPT
|
- Site
- Character (e.g. harsh, soft, blowing)
- Radiation
- Intensity
- Pitch
- Timing
|
| Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic
|
PASS and PAID
|
- PASS:Pulmonic & Aortic Stenosis=Systolic
- PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic Insufficiency=Diastolic.
|
| Pericarditis: causes
|
CARDIAC RIND
|
- Collagen vascular disease
- Aortic aneurysm
- Radiation
- Drugs (such as hydralazine)
- Infections
- Acute renal failure
- Cardiac infarction
- Rheumatic fever
- Injury
- Neoplasms
- Dressler's syndrome
|
| Pericarditis: EKG
|
PericarditiS
|
- PR depression in precordial leads. ST elevation
|
| Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria
|
SICVD
|
- Symmetry of leg musculature
- Integrity of skin
- Color of toenails
- Varicose veins
- Distribution of hair
|
| Pulseless electrical activity: causes
|
PATCH MED
|
- Pulmonary embolus
- Acidosis
- Tension pneumothorax
- Cardiac tamponade
- Hypokalemia/ Hyperkalemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypothermia/ Hypovolemia
- Myocardial infarction
- Electrolyte derangements
- Drug
|
| ST elevation causes in ECG
|
ELEVATION
|
- Electrolytes
- LBBB
- Early repolarization
- Ventricular hypertrophy
- Aneurysm
- Treatment (e.g. pericardiocentesis)
- Injury (AMI, contusion)
- Osborne waves (hypothermia)
- Non-occlusive vasospasm
|
| Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment
|
ABCDE
|
- Adenosine
- Beta-blocker
- Calcium channel antagonist
- Digoxin
- Excitation (vagal stimulation)
|
| Ventricular tachycardia: treatment
|
LAMB
|
- Lidocaine
- Amiodarone
- Mexiltene/ Magnesium
- Beta-blocker
|