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==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
Osteoma is a slow growing benign tumor of bone, occurring most commonly in the craniofacial skeletal structures, mainly in the nasal and paranasal (75-90%) cavities.<ref name="pmid25767729">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abdel Tawab HM, Kumar V R, Tabook SM |title=Osteoma presenting as a painless solitary mastoid swelling |journal=Case Rep Otolaryngol |volume=2015 |issue= |pages=590783 |year=2015 |pmid=25767729 |pmc=4341844 |doi=10.1155/2015/590783 |url=}}</ref> | Osteoma is a slow growing benign tumor of bone, occurring most commonly in the [[craniofacial]] skeletal structures, mainly in the nasal and [[paranasal]] (75-90%) cavities.<ref name="pmid25767729">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abdel Tawab HM, Kumar V R, Tabook SM |title=Osteoma presenting as a painless solitary mastoid swelling |journal=Case Rep Otolaryngol |volume=2015 |issue= |pages=590783 |year=2015 |pmid=25767729 |pmc=4341844 |doi=10.1155/2015/590783 |url=}}</ref> Osteoma arises from bone overgrowth, which is normally composed of [[connective tissue]]. Osteomas are slow growing tumors composed of compact or mature [[trabecular bone]] limited to craniofacial bones. The most common gene affected in multiple osteoma is the [[APC]] gene. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Revision as of 13:53, 18 January 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]
Overview
Osteoma (also known as Osteomata ) is a benign, slow growing, bone lesion. Osteoma commonly arises from the frontal and ethmoid sinuses (75%).[1] This tumor is characterized as an outgrowth bone-forming tumor, because tumor cells produce normal bone in unusual locations. Osteoma may be incidentally identified as a mass in the skull, mandible, or as the underlying cause of sinusitis or mucocele formation within the paranasal sinuses. When they are multiple, Gardner syndrome should be considered.[1] Osteoma represents the most common benign neoplasm of the nose and paranasal sinuses. The causes remain uncertain, but commonly accepted theories propose embryologic, traumatic, or infectious causes. Osteomas are usually asymptomatic. Excision may be performed if osteoma is responsible for symptoms.
Historical Perspective
In 1898, Paul Schulze, was the first to describe a craniofacial skeletal osteoma.[2]
Classification
Osteoma may be classified into either single/sporadic or multiple forms. The different subtypes of osteoma include; ivory osteoma, mature osteoma, and mixed osteoma.[3]
Pathophysiology
Osteoma is a slow growing benign tumor of bone, occurring most commonly in the craniofacial skeletal structures, mainly in the nasal and paranasal (75-90%) cavities.[4] Osteoma arises from bone overgrowth, which is normally composed of connective tissue. Osteomas are slow growing tumors composed of compact or mature trabecular bone limited to craniofacial bones. The most common gene affected in multiple osteoma is the APC gene.
Causes
The cause of an osteoma has not been identified, but commonly accepted theories propose embryological, traumatic, or infective causes.[4]
Differentiating Osteoma from other Diseases
Osteoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause sinus or facial pain, headache, and changes to or loss of sense of smell, such as chronic sinusitis, and fibrous displasia.[5]
Risk Factors
The risk factors of osteoma remain unknown.[4]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Osteoma the most common benign neoplasm of the nose and paranasal sinuses. The prevalence of osteoma is 3% in general population. Affects adults and children. The mean age at diagnosis is 37 years. Men are more commonly affected than women, with a 3:2 ratio.[5]
Screening
Screening for multiple osteomas is recommended among patients with family history or/and a confirmed diagnosis of Gardner syndrome under age 30 years. Thyroid exam and annual US, should be performed starting at age 10 to 12 years.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
If left untreated, osteoma progression occurs slowly and is then followed by facial distortion. Osteoma is an benign tumor characterized by a very slow progression. Common sites of location include paranasal sinuses. Complications of osteoma are usually related to tumor size. The prognosis is regarded as excellent after surgical excision. Features associated with worse prognosis after surgery are tumor location, depth and size.
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Biopsy
Staging
Chest X Ray
CT
MRI
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Greenspan A (1993). "Benign bone-forming lesions: osteoma, osteoid osteoma, and osteoblastoma. Clinical, imaging, pathologic, and differential considerations". Skeletal Radiol. 22 (7): 485–500. PMID 8272884.
- ↑ Paul Schulze (1898) Osteoma internum sarcomatosum des oberkiefers. <German>. HOLLIS Catalog. Harvard Countway Library
- ↑ Osteoma. Dr Ahmed Abd Rabou and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al.http://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoma Accessed on January 15,2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Abdel Tawab HM, Kumar V R, Tabook SM (2015). "Osteoma presenting as a painless solitary mastoid swelling". Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2015: 590783. doi:10.1155/2015/590783. PMC 4341844. PMID 25767729. Vancouver style error: name (help)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Erdogan N, Demir U, Songu M, Ozenler NK, Uluç E, Dirim B (2009). "A prospective study of paranasal sinus osteomas in 1,889 cases: changing patterns of localization". Laryngoscope. 119 (12): 2355–9. doi:10.1002/lary.20646. PMID 19780030.