Paracoccidioidomycosis risk factors: Difference between revisions

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*Gender: Men have a higher incidence than women. ''Paracoccidioides spp.'' has 17-b estradiol receptor, this feminine hormone inhibits the fungus transformation from mycelial to yeast, which is necessary for the infections evolution. <ref name=paper>Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. ''Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.''2009(1):49-56</ref>
*Gender: Men have a higher incidence than women. ''Paracoccidioides spp.'' has 17-b estradiol receptor, this feminine hormone inhibits the fungus transformation from mycelial to yeast, which is necessary for the infections evolution. <ref name=paper>Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. ''Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.''2009(1):49-56</ref>
*Poor hygiene
*Poor hygiene
*Occupation: Rural labor such as agriculture or breeders. ''Paracoccidioides spp.''is know to be found in soil and cattle. . <ref name=paper>Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. ''Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.''2009(1):49-56</ref>
*Occupation: Rural labor such as agriculture or breeders. ''Paracoccidioides spp.''is know to be found in soil and cattle. <ref name=paper>Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. ''Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.''2009(1):49-56</ref>
*Malnutrition and immunodeficiency
*Malnutrition and immunodeficiency: Paracoccidioidomycosis can act as an opportunistic disease in endemic areas. <ref name=aaa>Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. 'Clin. Microbiol. Rev''.1993;Vol 6(2):89-117</ref>
*Tabacco consumption:  Tabacco alters the mucociliary activity, decreases immunity and diminishes the reaction of macrophages; therefore it eases the evolution of the infection.  <ref name="pmid25076426">{{cite journal| author=Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB et al.| title=Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. | journal=Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | year= 2014 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=25076426 | doi= | pmc=PMC4131811 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25076426  }} </ref>
*Tabacco consumption:  Tabacco alters the mucociliary activity, decreases immunity and diminishes the reaction of macrophages; therefore it eases the evolution of the infection.  <ref name="pmid25076426">{{cite journal| author=Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB et al.| title=Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. | journal=Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | year= 2014 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=25076426 | doi= | pmc=PMC4131811 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25076426  }} </ref>
*Alcohol consumption: Alcohol is a corisk factor as it is highly associated with smoking. <ref name="pmid25076426">{{cite journal| author=Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB et al.| title=Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. | journal=Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | year= 2014 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=25076426 | doi= | pmc=PMC4131811 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25076426  }} </ref>
*Alcohol consumption: Alcohol is a corisk factor as it is highly associated with smoking. <ref name="pmid25076426">{{cite journal| author=Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB et al.| title=Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. | journal=Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | year= 2014 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 281-5 | pmid=25076426 | doi= | pmc=PMC4131811 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25076426  }} </ref>

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease are: age, gender, poor hygiene, occupation, malnutrition, tabacco and alcohol consumption. [1] [2]

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease are:

  • Age: Only 5% affects children and young adults from 6-16 years. [3] The majority of cases affect men from 30-60 years. [4]
  • Gender: Men have a higher incidence than women. Paracoccidioides spp. has 17-b estradiol receptor, this feminine hormone inhibits the fungus transformation from mycelial to yeast, which is necessary for the infections evolution. [4]
  • Poor hygiene
  • Occupation: Rural labor such as agriculture or breeders. Paracoccidioides spp.is know to be found in soil and cattle. [4]
  • Malnutrition and immunodeficiency: Paracoccidioidomycosis can act as an opportunistic disease in endemic areas. [5]
  • Tabacco consumption: Tabacco alters the mucociliary activity, decreases immunity and diminishes the reaction of macrophages; therefore it eases the evolution of the infection. [2]
  • Alcohol consumption: Alcohol is a corisk factor as it is highly associated with smoking. [2]


References

  1. ↑ de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F; et al. (2015). "Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis". Front Microbiol. 6: 1319. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319. PMC 4658449. PMID 26635779.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB; et al. (2014). "Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 56 (4): 281–5. PMC 4131811. PMID 25076426.
  3. ↑ Manns B.J, Baylis B.W, Urbanski S.J, Gibb A.P, Rabin H.R. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Case Report and Review. CID. 1996; 23: 1026-1032
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.2009(1):49-56
  5. ↑ Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. 'Clin. Microbiol. Rev.1993;Vol 6(2):89-117
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