Croup pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Pathogenesis== | ==Pathogenesis== | ||
===Viral Croup=== | |||
*Development of [[Virus|Viral]] Croup results from infiltration of [[histiocytes]], [[lymphocytes]], [[plasma cells]], and [[neutrophils]] [[White blood cells|white blood cells]] primarily by [[human parainfluenza viruses]] (HPIV).<ref name="Cherry2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=James D.|title=Croup|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=4|year=2008|pages=384–391|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref>. | |||
**Upon fusion with the white blood cell, the HPIV [[nucleocapsid]] is expelled into the recipient cell [[cytoplasm]].<ref name="Henrickson2003">{{cite journal|last1=Henrickson|first1=K. J.|title=Parainfluenza Viruses|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=16|issue=2|year=2003|pages=242–264|issn=0893-8512|doi=10.1128/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003}}</ref> | |||
**Viral transcription occurs through virus-specific [[RNA]]-dependent [[RNA Polymerase|RNA polymerase]].<ref name="Henrickson2003">{{cite journal|last1=Henrickson|first1=K. J.|title=Parainfluenza Viruses|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=16|issue=2|year=2003|pages=242–264|issn=0893-8512|doi=10.1128/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003}}</ref> | |||
**The viral mRNAs are translated into viral proteins, leading to the replication of genome into the following:<ref name="Henrickson2003">{{cite journal|last1=Henrickson|first1=K. J.|title=Parainfluenza Viruses|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=16|issue=2|year=2003|pages=242–264|issn=0893-8512|doi=10.1128/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003}}</ref> | |||
***Positive-[[sense]] RNA strand | |||
***Negative-[[sense]] RNA strand | |||
*HPIV is transmitted by contact with infected secretions through respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces or objects. | |||
*HPIV infection usually begins at the [[epithelium]] in the [[Upper Respiratory Tract|upper respiratory tract]], spreading to the paranasal sinuses, larynx and bronchi.<ref name="SchomackerSchaap-Nutt2012">{{cite journal|last1=Schomacker|first1=Henrick|last2=Schaap-Nutt|first2=Anne|last3=Collins|first3=Peter L|last4=Schmidt|first4=Alexander C|title=Pathogenesis of acute respiratory illness caused by human parainfluenza viruses|journal=Current Opinion in Virology|volume=2|issue=3|year=2012|pages=294–299|issn=18796257|doi=10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.001}}</ref> | |||
*The infiltration from HPIV causes | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 16:47, 26 January 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In-Chief: Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS [2]
Overview
The viral infection that causes croup leads to swelling of the larynx, trachea, and large bronchi due to infiltration of white blood cells (especially histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils). Swelling produces airway obstruction which, when significant, leads to dramatically increased work of breathing and the characteristic turbulent, noisy airflow known as stridor.
Pathogenesis
Viral Croup
- Development of Viral Croup results from infiltration of histiocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils white blood cells primarily by human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV).[1].
- Upon fusion with the white blood cell, the HPIV nucleocapsid is expelled into the recipient cell cytoplasm.[2]
- Viral transcription occurs through virus-specific RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.[2]
- The viral mRNAs are translated into viral proteins, leading to the replication of genome into the following:[2]
- HPIV is transmitted by contact with infected secretions through respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces or objects.
- HPIV infection usually begins at the epithelium in the upper respiratory tract, spreading to the paranasal sinuses, larynx and bronchi.[3]
- The infiltration from HPIV causes
References
- ↑ Cherry, James D. (2008). "Croup". New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (4): 384–391. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp072022. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Henrickson, K. J. (2003). "Parainfluenza Viruses". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 16 (2): 242–264. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003. ISSN 0893-8512.
- ↑ Schomacker, Henrick; Schaap-Nutt, Anne; Collins, Peter L; Schmidt, Alexander C (2012). "Pathogenesis of acute respiratory illness caused by human parainfluenza viruses". Current Opinion in Virology. 2 (3): 294–299. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.001. ISSN 1879-6257.