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==Overview==
==Overview==
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   | url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp?sitearea=CRI
   | url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp?sitearea=CRI
   | accessdate = 2006-10-09 }}</ref>  
   | accessdate = 2006-10-09 }}</ref>  
*The ancient medicine, from the times of the Greeks through the 17th century, was based on [[humoralism]], and thus believed that breast cancer was generally caused by imbalances in the fundamental fluids that controlled the body, especially an excess of [[black bile]].<ref name=Olson32>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=32–33}}</ref>  Alternatively, patients often saw it as [[divine punishment]].<ref name=Yalom>{{cite book | author = Yalom, Marilyn | title = A history of the breast | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | year = 1997 | page = 234 | isbn = 0-679-43459-3 | oclc =  }}</ref>
*In the 18th century, a wide variety of medical explanation was proposed, including a lack of sexual activity, too much sexual activity, physical injuries to the breast, curdled breast milk, and various forms of lymphatic blockages; either internal or external due to restrictive clothing.<ref name=Olson32>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=32–33}}</ref>  Alternatively, patients often saw it as [[divine punishment]].<ref name=Yalom>{{cite book | author = Yalom, Marilyn | title = A history of the breast | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | year = 1997 | page = 234 | isbn = 0-679-43459-3 | oclc =  }}</ref><ref name=Aronowitz>{{cite book | author = Aronowitz, Robert A. | title = Unnatural history: breast cancer and American society | edition =  | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK | year = 2007 | origyear =  | pages = 22–24 | isbn = 0-521-82249-1 | oclc =  }}</ref>
*In the 18th century, a wide variety of medical explanations were proposed, including a lack of sexual activity, too much sexual activity, physical injuries to the breast, curdled breast milk, and various forms of lymphatic blockages, either internal or due to restrictive clothing.<ref name=Olson32 /><ref name=Aronowitz /> 
*In the 19th century, the Scottish surgeon John Rodman correlated the fear of cancer causing the cancer, accounting for breast cancer's tendency to run in families.<ref name=Aronowitz />
*In the 19th century, the Scottish surgeon John Rodman said that fear of cancer caused cancer, and that this anxiety, learned by example from the mother, accounted for breast cancer's tendency to run in families.<ref name=Aronowitz />
 
*Although breast cancer was known in ancient times, it was uncommon until the 19th century, when improvements in sanitation and control of deadly [[infectious disease]]s resulted in dramatic increases in lifespan.  Previously, most women had died too young to have developed breast cancer.<ref name=Aronowitz>{{cite book | author = Aronowitz, Robert A. | title = Unnatural history: breast cancer and American society | edition =  | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK | year = 2007 | origyear =  | pages = 22–24 | isbn = 0-521-82249-1 | oclc =  }}</ref>
===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===
===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===
*Mastectomy for breast cancer was performed at least as early as AD 548, when it was proposed by the court physician [[Aetios of Amida]] to [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)|Theodora]].<ref name=Olson32 /> 
*Zacutus Lusitani (1575-1642) and Nicholas Tulp (1593-1674), from Holland, published their works in 1649, and 1652 respectively that concluded that breast cancer was contagious based on their observation of the tumor running in the members of the same household.
*It was not until doctors achieved greater understanding of the circulatory system in the 17th century that they could link breast cancer's spread to the [[lymph nodes]] in the armpit.  
*The French surgeon [[Jean Louis Petit]] (1674–1750) and later the Scottish surgeon [[Benjamin Bell]] (1749–1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and underlying chest muscle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/029cancer.html |title=History of Breast Cancer |publisher=Random History |date=27 February 2008 |accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
*The French surgeon [[Jean Louis Petit]] (1674–1750) and later the Scottish surgeon [[Benjamin Bell]] (1749–1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and underlying chest muscle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/029cancer.html |title=History of Breast Cancer |publisher=Random History |date=27 February 2008 |accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
*Their successful work was carried on by [[William Stewart Halsted]] who started performing [[radical mastectomies]] in 1882. [[William Stewart Halsted]] was helped greatly by advances in general surgical technology, such as [[aseptic technique]] and [[anesthesia]]. The Halsted radical mastectomy often involved removing both breasts, associated lymph nodes, and the underlying chest muscles. This often led to long-term pain and disability, but was seen as necessary in order to prevent the cancer from recurring.<ref name=Olson102 /> Before the advent of the Halsted radical mastectomy, 20-year survival rates were only 10%; Halsted's surgery raised that rate to 50%.<ref name=Olson1>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|p=1}}</ref>  Extending Halsted's work, [[Jerome Urban]] promoted superradical mastectomies, taking even more tissue, until 1963, when the ten-year survival rates proved equal to the less-damaging radical mastectomy.<ref name=Olson102>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=102–6}}</ref>
*In 1700s, John Hunter, the Scottish surgeon suggested that tumors grow from lymph constantly thrown out by the blood.
*Breast cancer staging systems were developed in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name=Olson102 />
*In 1713, Bernardino Ramazzini, an Italian physician, reported the relatively high incidence of breast cancer in nuns. This observation made it a clear association between breast cancer and role of hormones.
*In 1719, Lorenz Heister, a German surgeon wrote about his ideas for [[mastectomy]] and [[lumpectomy]] in his book, Chirurgie.
*In 1761, Giovanni Morgagni of Padua became the first to perform an [[autopsy]] to relate the illness to the pathology of the disease.
*The Scottish surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793) suggested that the tumor could be removed if it had not invaded nearby tissue and was 'moveable'.
*In 1882, William Stewart Halsted, professor of surgery at [[Johns Hopkins University]], came up with the [[radical mastectomy]] procedure.
*In 1896, Thomas Beatson, a graduate from the [[University of Edinburgh]], described the relationship between [[oophorectomy]] and breast cancer, which laid down the foundation of the hormonal therapy of the breast cancer.
*In 19th century, Rudolf Virchow became the first to correlate the illness to microscopic pathology.
*In 1920's, Breast cancer staging systems were developed.<ref name=Olson102>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=102–6}}</ref>
*The first [[case-control]]led study on breast cancer epidemiology was done by [[Janet Lane-Claypon]], who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health.<ref name="isbn3-7643-6818-7">{{Cite book| author = Alfredo Morabia | title = A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts | publisher = Birkhauser | location = Boston | year = 2004 | pages = 301–302 | isbn = 3-7643-6818-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=E-OZbEmPSTkC&pg=PA301 | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
*The first [[case-control]]led study on breast cancer epidemiology was done by [[Janet Lane-Claypon]], who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health.<ref name="isbn3-7643-6818-7">{{Cite book| author = Alfredo Morabia | title = A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts | publisher = Birkhauser | location = Boston | year = 2004 | pages = 301–302 | isbn = 3-7643-6818-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=E-OZbEmPSTkC&pg=PA301 | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
*Radical mastectomies remained the standard of care in America until the 1970s, but in Europe, however, breast-sparing procedures, often following radiation therapy, were generally adopted in the 1950s.<ref name=Olson102 />
*In late 1960s, modern [[mammography]] methods were developed.
*Radical mastectomies remained the standard of care in America until the 1970s.  
*Radical mastectomy remained the standard of care in America until the 1970s.
*During the 1970s, a new understanding of [[metastasis]] led many to perceive cancer as a systemic illness, as well as a localized one; more sparing procedures were developed that proved equally effective. Modern [[chemotherapy]] developed after [[World War II]].<ref name=Lax>{{cite book
*In the 1970s, modern clinical trials demonstrated that less extensive surgery is equally effective for most women with breast cancer.  
*In 1976, mammography became officially recommended by the [[American cancer society]].
*In the 1990s, [[''BRCA1'']] and [[''BRCA2'']] genes were associated with development of breast cancer for first time.
*During the final decades of the 20th century, techniques were developed to minimizing the amount of normal tissue removed along with the tumor.
*Modern [[chemotherapy]] developed after [[World War II]].<ref name=Lax>{{cite book
|author=Marc Lacroix
|author=Marc Lacroix
|title=A Concise History of Breast Cancer
|title=A Concise History of Breast Cancer
Line 36: Line 45:
|isbn=978-1-61122-305-7
|isbn=978-1-61122-305-7
|oclc= }}</ref>
|oclc= }}</ref>
*In the 1980s and 1990s, thousands of women who had successfully completed standard treatment demanded and received high-dose [[bone marrow transplant]]s, thinking this would lead to better long-term survival. However, it proved completely ineffective; 15–20% of women died because of the brutal treatment.<ref name=Sulik>{{cite book
*In late 1990s, first therapeutic [[monoclonal antibodies]], [[trastuzumab]] ([[Herceptin]]) was approved for breast cancer.
*The 1995 reports from the [[Nurses' Health Study]] and the 2002 conclusions of the [[Women's Health Initiative]] trial conclusively proved that [[Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)|hormone replacement therapy]] significantly increased the incidence of breast cancer.<ref name=Sulik>{{cite book
|first=Gayle A. |last=Sulik
|first=Gayle A. |last=Sulik
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
Line 46: Line 56:
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
*The 1995 reports from the [[Nurses' Health Study]] and the 2002 conclusions of the [[Women's Health Initiative]] trial conclusively proved that [[Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)|hormone replacement therapy]] significantly increased the incidence of breast cancer.<ref name=Sulik />
==Cultural Reference==
 
*During 1930's and 1940's, The "Women's Field Army", run by the American Society for the Control of Cancer, now known as [[American Cancer Society]] was the first organized breast cancer campaign.<ref name=Sulik>{{cite book
==Cultural References==
|first=Gayle A. |last=Sulik
Before the 20th century, breast cancer was feared and discussed in hushed tones, as if it were shameful.  As little could be safely done with primitive surgical techniques, women tended to suffer silently rather than seeking care.  When surgery advanced, and long-term survival rates improved, women began [[raising awareness]] of the disease and the possibility of successful treatment.  The "Women's Field Army", run by the American Society for the Control of Cancer (later the [[American Cancer Society]]) during the 1930s and 1940s was one of the first organized campaigns. In 1952, the first peer-to-peer [[support group]], called "Reach to Recovery", began providing post-mastectomy, in-hospital visits from women who had survived breast cancer.<ref>{{harvnb|Sulik|2010|pp=37–38}}</ref>
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
 
|publisher=Oxford University Press
The [[breast cancer movement]] of the 1980s and 1990s developed out of the larger [[feminist movement]]s and women's health movement of the 20th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Sulik|2010|p=4}}</ref>  This series of political and educational campaigns, partly inspired by the politically and socially effective [[AIDS]] awareness campaigns, resulted in the widespread acceptance of second opinions before surgery, less invasive surgical procedures, support groups, and other advances in patient care.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crcfl.net/content/view/history-of-breast-cancer-advocacy.html |title=History of Breast Cancer Advocacy|author=Bob Riter|publisher=Cancer Resource Center of the Finger Lakes|accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref>
|location=USA
 
|year=2010
===Pink ribbon===
|pages=200–3
{{Main|Pink ribbon}}
|ref=harv
 
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
[[File:Pink ribbon.svg|uprighcast|150px|thumb|The [[pink ribbon]] is a symbol to show support for breast cancer awareness]]
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
 
*In 1952, the first peer-to-peer [[support group]], called "Reach to Recovery", began providing post-mastectomy, in-hospital visits from women who had survived breast cancer.<ref name=Sulik>{{cite book
A [[pink ribbon]] is the most prominent symbol of breast cancer awareness. Pink ribbons, which can be made inexpensively, are sometimes sold as fundraisers, much like [[Poppy day#Poppies|poppies on Remembrance Day]].  They may be worn to honor those who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, or to identify products that the manufacturer would like to sell to consumers that are interested in breast cancer—usually white, middle-aged, middle-class and upper-class, educated women.<ref>{{harvnb|Sulik|2010|pp=27–72}}</ref>
|first=Gayle A. |last=Sulik
 
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
The pink ribbon is associated with individual generosity, faith in scientific progress, and a "can-do" attitude.  It encourages consumers to focus on the emotionally appealing ultimate vision of a cure for breast cancer, rather than on the fraught path between current knowledge and any future cures.<ref>{{harvnb|Sulik|2010|pp=359–361}}</ref>
|publisher=Oxford University Press
 
|location=USA
Wearing or displaying a pink ribbon has been criticized by the opponents of this practice as a kind of [[slacktivism]], because it has no practical positive effect.  It has also been criticized as [[hypocrisy]], because some people wear the pink ribbon to show good will towards women with breast cancer, but then oppose these women's practical goals, like [[patient rights]] and anti-pollution legislation.<ref>{{harvnb|Sulik|2010|pp=366–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|year=2010
| author = Landeman, Anne
|pages=200–3
| date = 11 June 2008
|ref=harv
| url = http://www.prwatch.org/node/7436
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
| title = Pinkwashing: Can Shopping Cure Breast Cancer?
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
| publisher = [[Center for Media and Democracy]]}}</ref>  Critics say that the feel-good nature of pink ribbons and pink consumption distracts society from the lack of progress on preventing and curing breast cancer.<ref>{{harvnb|Sulik|2010|pp=365–6}}</ref>  It is also criticized for reinforcing gender stereotypes and [[objectifying]] women and their breasts.<ref>{{harvnb|Sulik|2010|pp=372–4}}</ref>  [[Breast Cancer Action]] launched the "Think Before You Pink" campaign, and said that businesses have co-opted the pink campaign to promote products that cause breast cancer, such as alcoholic beverages.<ref>[http://ottawa.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20101008/pinkwashing-pink-ribbon-101009/20101009/?hub=OttawaHome Breast cancer month overshadowed by 'pinkwashing'] 9 October 2010, Angela Mulholland, CTV.ca News</ref>
*In the fall of 1991, first known use of a pink ribbon in connection with breast cancer awareness was held, when the [[Susan G. Komen Foundation]] handed out pink [[Ribbon (award)|ribbons]] to participants in its New York City race for breast [[cancer survivor]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/Pages/PrettyInPink.html |title=Pretty in Pink |publisher=Thinkbeforeyoupink.org |date=July 1998 |accessdate=2009-06-02 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071218231238/http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/Pages/PrettyInPink.html |archivedate = 18 December 2007}}</ref>
 
*In 1992, the pink ribbon was adopted as the official symbol of [[National Breast Cancer Awareness Month]].<ref name=Sulik47>{{cite book
===Breast cancer culture===
|author=Gayle A. Sulik
Breast cancer culture, or pink ribbon culture, is the set of activities, attitudes, and values that surround and shape breast cancer in public. The dominant values are selflessness, cheerfulness, unity, and optimism.  Appearing to have suffered bravely is the passport into the culture.
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
 
|publisher=Oxford University Press
The woman with breast cancer is given a cultural template that constrains her emotional and social responses into a socially acceptable discourse:  She is to use the emotional trauma of being diagnosed with breast cancer and the suffering of extended treatment to transform herself into a stronger, happier and more sensitive person who is grateful for the opportunity to become a better person.  Breast cancer therapy becomes a [[rite of passage]] rather than a disease.<ref name=Ehrenreich>{{Cite news
|location=USA
| first = Barbara
|year=2010
| last = Ehrenreich
|pages=47–48
| title = Welcome to Cancerland
|quote=
| newspaper = [[Harper's Magazine]]
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
| date = November 2001
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
| url = http://www.barbaraehrenreich.com/cancerland.htm }}{{dead link|date=November 2015}}</ref>  To fit into this mold, the woman with breast cancer needs to normalize and feminize her appearance, and minimize the disruption that her health issues cause anyone else.  Anger, sadness and negativity must be silenced.<ref name=Ehrenreich />
 
As with most cultural models, people who conform to the model are given social status, in this case as [[cancer survivor]]s.  Women who reject the model are shunned, punished and shamed.<ref name=Ehrenreich />
 
The culture is criticized for treating adult women like little girls, as evidenced by "baby" toys such as pink [[teddy bear]]s given to adult women.<ref name=Ehrenreich />
 
The primary purposes or goals of breast cancer culture are to maintain breast cancer's dominance as the preëminent women's health issue, to promote the appearance that society is "doing something" effective about breast cancer, and to sustain and expand the social, political, and financial power of breast cancer activists.<ref>{{harvnb|Sulik|2010|p=57}}</ref>
 
===Emphasis===
 
Compared to other diseases or other cancers, breast cancer receives a proportionately greater share of resources and attention. In 2001 MP [[Ian Gibson (politician)|Ian Gibson]], chairman of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]] all party group on cancer stated "The treatment has been skewed by the [[lobbying]], there is no doubt about that. Breast cancer sufferers get better treatment in terms of bed spaces, facilities and doctors and nurses."<ref name="Browne">{{cite news
| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2001/oct/07/cancercare
| location=London
| work=[[The Guardian]]
| first=Anthony | last=Browne | authorlink =Anthony Browne (UK politics)
| title=Cancer bias puts breasts first
| date=7 October 2001}}</ref>  Breast cancer also receives significantly more media coverage than other, equally prevalent cancers, with a study by Prostate Coalition showing 2.6 breast cancer stories for each one covering [[prostate cancer|cancer of the prostate]].<ref>{{cite news
| title= A Gender Gap in Cancer
| date= 13 June 2007
| author= Arnst, Catherine
| journal= [[Bloomberg Businessweek]]
| issn= 0007-7135
| url= http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2007/tc20070612_953676.htm }}</ref> Ultimately there is a concern that favouring sufferers of breast cancer with disproportionate funding and research on their behalf may well be costing lives elsewhere.<ref name="Browne"/>  Partly because of its relatively high prevalence and long-term survival rates, research is biased towards breast cancer.  Some subjects, such as [[cancer-related fatigue]], have been studied little except in women with breast cancer.
 
One result of breast cancer's high visibility is that statistical results can sometimes be misinterpreted, such as the claim that one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lives—a claim that depends on the unrealistic assumption that no woman will die of any other disease before the age of 95.<ref name=Olson199>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=199–200}}</ref>  This obscures the reality, which is that about ten times as many women will die from [[heart disease]] or [[stroke]] than from breast cancer.<ref>{{cite news
| author= Ave, Melanie
| title= Tampabay: All May Not Be in the Pink
| journal= [[St. Petersburg Times]]
| date= 10 October 2006
| url= http://www.sptimes.com/2006/10/06/Tampabay/All_may_not_be_in_the.shtml }}</ref>


The emphasis on breast cancer screening may be harming women by subjecting them to unnecessary radiation, biopsies, and surgery.  One-third of diagnosed breast cancers might recede on their own.<ref name=Ave>{{cite news
| title= The Trouble with Mammograms
| date= 17 August 2009
| author= Aschwanden, Christie
| newspaper= [[The Los Angeles Times]]
| url= http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/17/health/he-breast-overdiagnosis17 }}</ref>  Screening mammography efficiently finds non-life-threatening, asymptomatic breast cancers and pre-cancers, even while overlooking serious cancers.  According to H. Gilbert Welch of the [[Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice]], research on screening mammography has taken the "brain-dead approach that says the best test is the one that finds the most cancers" rather than the one that finds dangerous cancers.<ref name=Ave />


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 01:26, 24 January 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mirdula Sharma, MBBS [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • The oldest evidence of cancer is discovered in the Egyptian literature and dates back to about 3000 BC. The textbook is called the 'Edwin Smith Papyrus' and describes 8 cases of tumors of the breast that were removed by cauterization with a tool called the fire drill. The writing says about the disease, “There is no treatment.”[1]
  • In the 18th century, a wide variety of medical explanation was proposed, including a lack of sexual activity, too much sexual activity, physical injuries to the breast, curdled breast milk, and various forms of lymphatic blockages; either internal or external due to restrictive clothing.[2] Alternatively, patients often saw it as divine punishment.[3][4]
  • In the 19th century, the Scottish surgeon John Rodman correlated the fear of cancer causing the cancer, accounting for breast cancer's tendency to run in families.[4]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • Zacutus Lusitani (1575-1642) and Nicholas Tulp (1593-1674), from Holland, published their works in 1649, and 1652 respectively that concluded that breast cancer was contagious based on their observation of the tumor running in the members of the same household.
  • The French surgeon Jean Louis Petit (1674–1750) and later the Scottish surgeon Benjamin Bell (1749–1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and underlying chest muscle.[5]
  • In 1700s, John Hunter, the Scottish surgeon suggested that tumors grow from lymph constantly thrown out by the blood.
  • In 1713, Bernardino Ramazzini, an Italian physician, reported the relatively high incidence of breast cancer in nuns. This observation made it a clear association between breast cancer and role of hormones.
  • In 1719, Lorenz Heister, a German surgeon wrote about his ideas for mastectomy and lumpectomy in his book, Chirurgie.
  • In 1761, Giovanni Morgagni of Padua became the first to perform an autopsy to relate the illness to the pathology of the disease.
  • The Scottish surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793) suggested that the tumor could be removed if it had not invaded nearby tissue and was 'moveable'.
  • In 1882, William Stewart Halsted, professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins University, came up with the radical mastectomy procedure.
  • In 1896, Thomas Beatson, a graduate from the University of Edinburgh, described the relationship between oophorectomy and breast cancer, which laid down the foundation of the hormonal therapy of the breast cancer.
  • In 19th century, Rudolf Virchow became the first to correlate the illness to microscopic pathology.
  • In 1920's, Breast cancer staging systems were developed.[6]
  • The first case-controlled study on breast cancer epidemiology was done by Janet Lane-Claypon, who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health.[7]
  • In late 1960s, modern mammography methods were developed.
  • Radical mastectomy remained the standard of care in America until the 1970s.
  • In the 1970s, modern clinical trials demonstrated that less extensive surgery is equally effective for most women with breast cancer.
  • In 1976, mammography became officially recommended by the American cancer society.
  • In the 1990s, ''BRCA1'' and ''BRCA2'' genes were associated with development of breast cancer for first time.
  • During the final decades of the 20th century, techniques were developed to minimizing the amount of normal tissue removed along with the tumor.
  • Modern chemotherapy developed after World War II.[8]
  • In late 1990s, first therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, trastuzumab (Herceptin) was approved for breast cancer.
  • The 1995 reports from the Nurses' Health Study and the 2002 conclusions of the Women's Health Initiative trial conclusively proved that hormone replacement therapy significantly increased the incidence of breast cancer.[9]

Cultural Reference

  • During 1930's and 1940's, The "Women's Field Army", run by the American Society for the Control of Cancer, now known as American Cancer Society was the first organized breast cancer campaign.[9]
  • In 1952, the first peer-to-peer support group, called "Reach to Recovery", began providing post-mastectomy, in-hospital visits from women who had survived breast cancer.[9]
  • In the fall of 1991, first known use of a pink ribbon in connection with breast cancer awareness was held, when the Susan G. Komen Foundation handed out pink ribbons to participants in its New York City race for breast cancer survivors.[10]
  • In 1992, the pink ribbon was adopted as the official symbol of National Breast Cancer Awareness Month.[11]


References

  1. ↑ "The History of Cancer". American Cancer Society. 2002-03-25. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
  2. ↑ Olson 2002, pp. 32–33
  3. ↑ Yalom, Marilyn (1997). A history of the breast. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 234. ISBN 0-679-43459-3.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Aronowitz, Robert A. (2007). Unnatural history: breast cancer and American society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–24. ISBN 0-521-82249-1.
  5. ↑ "History of Breast Cancer". Random History. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  6. ↑ Olson 2002, pp. 102–6
  7. ↑ Alfredo Morabia (2004). A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Boston: Birkhauser. pp. 301–302. ISBN 3-7643-6818-7. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  8. ↑ Marc Lacroix (2011). A Concise History of Breast Cancer. USA: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 59–68. ISBN 978-1-61122-305-7.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Sulik, Gayle A. (2010). Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 200–3. ISBN 0-19-974045-3. OCLC 535493589.
  10. ↑ "Pretty in Pink". Thinkbeforeyoupink.org. July 1998. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  11. ↑ Gayle A. Sulik (2010). Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-19-974045-3. OCLC 535493589.

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