Trichinosis causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 4: Line 4:


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common cause of trichinosis include ''[[Trichinella spiralis]]''. Less common causes of trichinosis include ''T. britovi'', ''T. nativa'', ''T. pseudospiralis'', ''T. papuae'', ''T. nelsoni'', ''T. murrelli'', and ''T. zimbabwensis''.<ref name=wiki1234>Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref>
Common cause of trichinosis include ''[[Trichinella spiralis]]''. Less common causes of trichinosis include ''T. britovi'', ''T. nativa'', ''T. pseudospiralis'', ''T. papuae'', ''T. nelsoni'', ''T. murrelli'', and ''T. zimbabwensis''.<ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
The classical agent that causes trichinosis is ''[[Trichinella spiralis|T. spiralis]]'' (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), but there are several other species of [[Trichinella]] now recognized, including ''T. pseudospiralis'' (mammals and birds worldwide), ''T. nativa'' (Arctic bears), ''T. nelsoni'' (African predators and scavengers), ''T. britovi'' (carnivores of Europe and western Asia), and ''T. papuae'' (wild and domestic pigs, Papua New Guinea and Thailand).<ref name=wiki1234>Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref>
The classical agent that causes trichinosis is ''[[Trichinella spiralis|T. spiralis]]'' (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), but there are several other species of [[Trichinella]] now recognized, including ''T. pseudospiralis'' (mammals and birds worldwide), ''T. nativa'' (Arctic bears), ''T. nelsoni'' (African predators and scavengers), ''T. britovi'' (carnivores of Europe and western Asia), and ''T. papuae'' (wild and domestic pigs, Papua New Guinea and Thailand).<ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref>


Species and characteristics:
Species and characteristics:
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
|+ '''Source of Infection and Geographical Distribution of [[Trichinella]] species'''<ref>{{cite journal| author=Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K| title=Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-45, Table of Contents | pmid=19136437 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00026-08 | pmc=PMC2620635 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19136437  }} </ref><ref name=wiki1234>Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref>
|+ '''Source of Infection and Geographical Distribution of [[Trichinella]] species'''<ref>{{cite journal| author=Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K| title=Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-45, Table of Contents | pmid=19136437 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00026-08 | pmc=PMC2620635 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19136437  }} </ref><ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref>
! style="width: 180px;background: #4479BA"|{{fontcolor|#FFF| Disease}}
! style="width: 180px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Disease}}
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA"|{{fontcolor|#FFF| Main Source}}
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Main Source}}
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA"|{{fontcolor|#FFF| Geographical Distribution}}
! style="width: 120px;background: #4479BA" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| Geographical Distribution}}
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC"| ''T. spiralis''
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. spiralis''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Swine  
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Swine  
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Cosmopolitan
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Cosmopolitan
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC"| ''T. britovi''
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. britovi''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Wild boar, domesticated pigs
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Wild boar, domesticated pigs
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC"| ''T. nativa''
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. nativa''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Polar bears, Artic foxes, walruses
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Polar bears, Artic foxes, walruses
| style="background: #F5F5F5; bold; text-align:center"| Arctic, subarctic regions
| style="background: #F5F5F5; bold; text-align:center" | Arctic, subarctic regions
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC"| ''T. papuae''
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. papuae''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Wild pigs, saltwater crocodiles
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Wild pigs, saltwater crocodiles
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Papua New Guinea, Thailand
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Papua New Guinea, Thailand
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC"| ''T. nelsoni''
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" | ''T. nelsoni''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Warthogs, bush pigs
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Warthogs, bush pigs
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"| Eastern Africa
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" | Eastern Africa
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC"|''T. murrelli''
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''T. murrelli''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"|Black bear
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |Black bear
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"|North America
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |North America
|-
|-
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC"|''T. zimbabwensis''
| style="width: 120px;font-weight: bold;background: #DCDCDC" |''T. zimbabwensis''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"|Nile crocodiles, monitor lizards
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |Nile crocodiles, monitor lizards
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center"|Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa
| style="background: #F5F5F5; text-align:center" |Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 48: Line 48:
==Life Cycle==
==Life Cycle==
[[Image:Trichinella_lifecycle.gif|500px|left|thumb|Trichinella life cycle.]]
[[Image:Trichinella_lifecycle.gif|500px|left|thumb|Trichinella life cycle.]]
*Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting meat containing cysts (encysted larvae) (1) of Trichinella.  
*Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting meat containing [[cysts]] (encysted larvae) (1) of [[Trichinella]].  
*Sylvatic cycle: Pigs become infected when they eat infectious cysts in raw meat, often pork or rats.
*[[Sylvatic]] cycle: Pigs become [[infected]] when they eat infectious [[cysts]] in raw meat, often pork or rats.
*Domestic cycle: Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked infected pork.
*Domestic cycle: Humans become [[infected]] when they eat raw or undercooked [[infected]] pork.
*After exposure to gastric acid and pepsin, the larvae are released (2) from the cysts and invade the small bowel mucosa where they develop into adult worms (3) (female 2.2 mm in length, males 1.2 mm; life span in the small bowel: 4 weeks).  
*After exposure to [[gastric acid]] and [[pepsin]], the larvae are released (2) from the [[cysts]] and invade the [[small bowel]] [[mucosa]] where they develop into adult worms (3) (female 2.2 mm in length, males 1.2 mm; life span in the [[small bowel]]: 4 weeks).  
*After 1 week, the females release larvae (4) that migrate to the striated muscles where they encyst (5).
*After 1 week, the females release larvae (4) that migrate to the striated [[muscles]] where they encyst (5).  
*Trichinella pseudospiralis, however, does not encyst.  
*Encystment is completed in 4 to 5 weeks and the encysted larvae may remain viable for several years.  
*Encystment is completed in 4 to 5 weeks and the encysted larvae may remain viable for several years.  
*Ingestion of the encysted larvae perpetuates the cycle.  
*Ingestion of the encysted larvae perpetuates the cycle.  
*Rats and rodents are primarily responsible for maintaining the endemicity of this infection.  
*Rats and rodents are primarily responsible for maintaining the [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemicity]] of this [[infection]].  
*Carnivorous/omnivorous animals, such as pigs or bears, feed on infected rodents or meat from other animals.  
*Carnivorous/omnivorous animals, such as pigs or bears, feed on [[infected]] rodents or meat from other animals.  
*Different animal hosts are implicated in the life cycle of the different species of Trichinella.  
*Different animal hosts are implicated in the life cycle of the different species of [[Trichinella]].  
*Humans are accidentally infected when eating improperly processed meat of these carnivorous animals (or eating food contaminated with such meat).<ref name=a>Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/biology.html. Accessed on January 26, 2016</ref><ref name=wiki1234>Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref>
*Humans are accidentally [[infected]] when eating improperly processed meat of these carnivorous animals (or eating food contaminated with such meat).<ref name="a">Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/biology.html. Accessed on January 26, 2016</ref><ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 15:53, 26 January 2016

Trichinosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Trichinosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Trichinosis causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Trichinosis causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Trichinosis causes

CDC on Trichinosis causes

Trichinosis causes in the news

Blogs on Trichinosis causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Trichinosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Trichinosis causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac

Overview

Common cause of trichinosis include Trichinella spiralis. Less common causes of trichinosis include T. britovi, T. nativa, T. pseudospiralis, T. papuae, T. nelsoni, T. murrelli, and T. zimbabwensis.[1]

Causes

The classical agent that causes trichinosis is T. spiralis (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), but there are several other species of Trichinella now recognized, including T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds worldwide), T. nativa (Arctic bears), T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers), T. britovi (carnivores of Europe and western Asia), and T. papuae (wild and domestic pigs, Papua New Guinea and Thailand).[1]

Species and characteristics:

Source of Infection and Geographical Distribution of Trichinella species[2][1]
Disease Main Source Geographical Distribution
T. spiralis Swine Cosmopolitan
T. britovi Wild boar, domesticated pigs Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa
T. nativa Polar bears, Artic foxes, walruses Arctic, subarctic regions
T. papuae Wild pigs, saltwater crocodiles Papua New Guinea, Thailand
T. nelsoni Warthogs, bush pigs Eastern Africa
T. murrelli Black bear North America
T. zimbabwensis Nile crocodiles, monitor lizards Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa

Life Cycle

Trichinella life cycle.
  • Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting meat containing cysts (encysted larvae) (1) of Trichinella.
  • Sylvatic cycle: Pigs become infected when they eat infectious cysts in raw meat, often pork or rats.
  • Domestic cycle: Humans become infected when they eat raw or undercooked infected pork.
  • After exposure to gastric acid and pepsin, the larvae are released (2) from the cysts and invade the small bowel mucosa where they develop into adult worms (3) (female 2.2 mm in length, males 1.2 mm; life span in the small bowel: 4 weeks).
  • After 1 week, the females release larvae (4) that migrate to the striated muscles where they encyst (5).
  • Encystment is completed in 4 to 5 weeks and the encysted larvae may remain viable for several years.
  • Ingestion of the encysted larvae perpetuates the cycle.
  • Rats and rodents are primarily responsible for maintaining the endemicity of this infection.
  • Carnivorous/omnivorous animals, such as pigs or bears, feed on infected rodents or meat from other animals.
  • Different animal hosts are implicated in the life cycle of the different species of Trichinella.
  • Humans are accidentally infected when eating improperly processed meat of these carnivorous animals (or eating food contaminated with such meat).[3][1]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 22, 2016
  2. Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.
  3. Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/biology.html. Accessed on January 26, 2016

Template:WH Template:WS