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===[[Incidence (epidemiology)|Incidence]]=== | ===[[Incidence (epidemiology)|Incidence]]=== | ||
*Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis occur every year. | *Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis occur every year. | ||
*During 2008–2012, a total of 90 cases of trichinellosis were reported | *During 2008–2012, a total of 90 cases of trichinellosis were reported in the USA. | ||
*In the USA, the average of trichinosis is approximately 15 cases per year.<ref name="a">Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref> | |||
===[[Mortality]]=== | ===[[Mortality]]=== | ||
*The [[mortality rate]] of trichinosis is approximately 0.2% worldwide.<ref name="pmid17689195">{{cite journal| author=Pozio E| title=World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. | journal=Vet Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 149 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 3-21 | pmid=17689195 | doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17689195 }} </ref> | *The [[mortality rate]] of trichinosis is approximately 0.2% worldwide.<ref name="pmid17689195">{{cite journal| author=Pozio E| title=World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. | journal=Vet Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 149 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 3-21 | pmid=17689195 | doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17689195 }} </ref> | ||
===[[Age]]=== | ===[[Age]]=== | ||
*Trichinosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 39 years | *Trichinosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 39 years of age.<ref name="b">Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2008–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6401a1.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref> | ||
*Although [[infections]] also occur in [[children]] and | *Although [[infections]] also occur in [[children]] and adolescents, the predominance of [[infection]] in adults probably results from culture-driven food [[behavior]]. | ||
*Improperly cooked or prepared meat dishes may be more commonly eaten at adult-oriented events, especially among alcohol consumers.<ref name="pmid22172230">{{cite journal| author=Murrell KD, Pozio E| title=Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 12 | pages= 2194-202 | pmid=22172230 | doi=10.3201/eid1712.110896 | pmc=PMC3311199 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22172230 }} </ref> | |||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
| Line 26: | Line 28: | ||
===Developed Countries=== | ===Developed Countries=== | ||
*In the US and EU, the overall incidence of trichinosis is low given the improved pig-raising practices in the [[pork]] industry, commercial and home freezing of pork, and public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked meat products. | |||
*In the US and EU, the overall | *The number of cases associated with raw or undercooked wild game meats has remained relatively constant over time.<ref name="a">Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid19136437">{{cite journal| author=Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K| title=Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-45, Table of Contents | pmid=19136437 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00026-08 | pmc=PMC2620635 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19136437 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16039781">{{cite journal| author=Kapel CM| title=Changes in the EU legislation on Trichinella inspection--new challenges in the epidemiology. | journal=Vet Parasitol | year= 2005 | volume= 132 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 189-94 | pmid=16039781 | doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.055 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16039781 }} </ref> | ||
===Developing Countries=== | ===Developing Countries=== | ||
* | *Trichinosis is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is either raw or undercooked.<ref name="wiki1234">Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref> | ||
*In South America, | *In South America, outbreaks in Argentina are common. | ||
*In Asia, | *[[Incidence (epidemiology)|Incidence]] data from developing countries are limited. | ||
*In Asia, the majority of the [[outbreaks]] were reported from Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, and the northern mountainous regions among the indigenous people who practice free-roaming pig husbandry.<ref name="pmid22172230">{{cite journal| author=Murrell KD, Pozio E| title=Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 12 | pages= 2194-202 | pmid=22172230 | doi=10.3201/eid1712.110896 | pmc=PMC3311199 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22172230 }} </ref> | |||
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Revision as of 21:25, 5 February 2016
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Trichinosis Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac
Overview
Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis occur every year.[1]
Epidemiology and demographics
Incidence
- Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis occur every year.
- During 2008–2012, a total of 90 cases of trichinellosis were reported in the USA.
- In the USA, the average of trichinosis is approximately 15 cases per year.[1]
Mortality
- The mortality rate of trichinosis is approximately 0.2% worldwide.[2]
Age
- Trichinosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 39 years of age.[3]
- Although infections also occur in children and adolescents, the predominance of infection in adults probably results from culture-driven food behavior.
- Improperly cooked or prepared meat dishes may be more commonly eaten at adult-oriented events, especially among alcohol consumers.[4]
Gender
- Men are more commonly affected with trichinosis than women.[3]
Race
- There is no racial predilection to trichinosis.
Developed Countries
- In the US and EU, the overall incidence of trichinosis is low given the improved pig-raising practices in the pork industry, commercial and home freezing of pork, and public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked meat products.
- The number of cases associated with raw or undercooked wild game meats has remained relatively constant over time.[1][5][6]
Developing Countries
- Trichinosis is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is either raw or undercooked.[7]
- In South America, outbreaks in Argentina are common.
- Incidence data from developing countries are limited.
- In Asia, the majority of the outbreaks were reported from Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, and the northern mountainous regions among the indigenous people who practice free-roaming pig husbandry.[4]
| Disease | Geographical Distribution |
|---|---|
| T. spiralis | Cosmopolitan |
| T. britovi | Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa |
| T. nativa | Arctic, subarctic regions |
| T. papuae | Papua New Guinea, Thailand |
| T. nelsoni | Eastern Africa |
| T. murrelli | North America |
| T. zimbabwensis | Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ Pozio E (2007). "World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans". Vet Parasitol. 149 (1–2): 3–21. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.002. PMID 17689195.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2008–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6401a1.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Murrell KD, Pozio E (2011). "Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (12): 2194–202. doi:10.3201/eid1712.110896. PMC 3311199. PMID 22172230.
- ↑ Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.
- ↑ Kapel CM (2005). "Changes in the EU legislation on Trichinella inspection--new challenges in the epidemiology". Vet Parasitol. 132 (1–2): 189–94. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.055. PMID 16039781.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.