Pasteurellosis: Difference between revisions
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Other locations are possible, such as septic arthritis, [[meningitis]] and acute [[endocarditis]], but are very rare. | Other locations are possible, such as septic arthritis, [[meningitis]] and acute [[endocarditis]], but are very rare. | ||
== | ==Causes== | ||
'' | *Pasteurellosis is caused by an infection with ''[[Pasteurella]]'' spp. | ||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. | |||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are nonmotile and pleomorphic. | |||
* [[ | *Most ''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are catalase- and oxidase-positive. | ||
*[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is the most frequent causative agent in human. | |||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' cells occur in many cats' mouths, a large percentage of dogs' mouths, and frequently in rabbits. This is in perfectly normal and otherwise healthy animals. | |||
**Cats oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 70%–90% | |||
**Dogs oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 50%–60% | |||
*Less commonly, pasteurellosis can be acquired by inhalating the bacteria or with non known source of infection. | |||
*Several reports describe human infections by ''[[Pasteurella]]'' spp. that were acquired after '''close contact with pets''', including sharing a bed, being licked by, kissing the pets, animal scratches or bites. | |||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' can be transmitted when exposed to animals that have been exposed directly or indirectly to the animals’ oropharyngeal secretions through licking or sniffing | |||
**[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] infection of a hip replacement site occurred in a 69-year-old man. This man indicated that the dog had shared his bed before and after his operations, sleeping under the covers on the side of the affected leg, as it had done every night.<ref name="pmid21291584">{{cite journal| author=Chomel BB, Sun B| title=Zoonoses in the bedroom. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 167-72 | pmid=21291584 | doi=10.3201/eid1702.101070 | pmc=PMC3298380 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21291584 }} </ref><ref name="abc">Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases common to Man and Animals. PAHO (2001). http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=19187&Itemid= Accessed on February 10, 2016 </ref><ref name="b">Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella Accessed on February 10, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid15365869">{{cite journal| author=Kimura R, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Shimizu M, Iwata M, Tanahashi J et al.| title=Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review. | journal=J Infect Chemother | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 250-2 | pmid=15365869 | doi=10.1007/s10156-004-0331-5 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15365869 }} </ref> | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Revision as of 15:27, 10 February 2016
| Pasteurellosis | |
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | A28.0 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 027.2 |
| MeSH | D010326 |
This page is about clinical aspects of the disease. For microbiologic aspects of the causative organism(s), see Pasteurella multocida.
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac
Synonyms and keywords: Shipping fever; bovine respiratory disease complex; fibrinous pneumonia; pasteurella pneumonia; hemorrhagic septicemia; fowl cholera; snuffles
Overview
Pasteurellosis is an infection with a species of the bacterial genus Pasteurella,[1] which is found in humans and other animals.
Pasteurella multocida (subsp. septica and subsp. multocida) is carried in the mouth and respiratory tract of various animals, including pigs.[2] It is a small Gram negative bacillus with bipolar staining by Wayson stain. In animals, it can originate fulminant septicaemia (chicken cholera), but is also a common commensal.
Until taxonomic revision in 1999,[3] Mannheimia spp. were classified as Pasteurella spp., and infections by organisms now called Mannheimia spp., as well as by organisms now called Pasteurella spp., were designated as pasteurellosis. The term "pasteurellosis" is often still applied to mannheimiosis, although such usage has declined.
Historical Perspective
- The genus Pasteurella is named after the French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, who first identified the bacteria now known as Pasteurella multocida as the agent of chicken cholera.[4]
Pathophysiology
- The mechanisms of pathogenesis of Pasteurella infection in its natural host species and in humans are still not completely understood, and further studies are needed.
- Pasteurella is usually transmitted via the cutaneous route to the human host.
- Pasteurella uses a number of mechanisms for avoiding or suppressing bactericidal responses:
- Lipopolysaccharides and the bacterias capsule probably play a substantial role in intracellular survival.
- Pasteurella needs iron to grow.
- P. multocida has developed mechanisms acquire iron from hemoglobin, ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin.[5]
Types
This section does not cite any sources. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
There are several forms of the infection:
- Skin/subcutaneous tissue disease is a septic phlegmon that develops classically in the hand and forearm after cat bite. Inflammatory signs are very rapid to develop; in 1 or 2 hours, edema, severe pain and serosanguineous exudate appear. Fever, moderate or very high can be seen along with vomiting, headache and diarrhea. Lymphangitis is common. Complications are possible, in the form of septic arthritis, osteitis or evolution to chronicity.
- Sepsis is very rare, but can be as fulminant as septicaemic plague, with high fever, rigors and vomiting, followed by shock and coagulopathy.
- Pneumonia disease is also rare and appears in patients with some chronic pulmonary pathology. It usually presents as bilateral consolidating pneumonia, sometimes very severe.
Other locations are possible, such as septic arthritis, meningitis and acute endocarditis, but are very rare.
Causes
- Pasteurellosis is caused by an infection with Pasteurella spp.
- Pasteurella is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria.
- Pasteurella species are nonmotile and pleomorphic.
- Most Pasteurella species are catalase- and oxidase-positive.
- P. multocida is the most frequent causative agent in human.
- Pasteurella cells occur in many cats' mouths, a large percentage of dogs' mouths, and frequently in rabbits. This is in perfectly normal and otherwise healthy animals.
- Cats oral cavity colonization of P. multocida is between 70%–90%
- Dogs oral cavity colonization of P. multocida is between 50%–60%
- Less commonly, pasteurellosis can be acquired by inhalating the bacteria or with non known source of infection.
- Several reports describe human infections by Pasteurella spp. that were acquired after close contact with pets, including sharing a bed, being licked by, kissing the pets, animal scratches or bites.
- Pasteurella can be transmitted when exposed to animals that have been exposed directly or indirectly to the animals’ oropharyngeal secretions through licking or sniffing
- P. multocida infection of a hip replacement site occurred in a 69-year-old man. This man indicated that the dog had shared his bed before and after his operations, sleeping under the covers on the side of the affected leg, as it had done every night.[6][7][8][9]
Diagnosis
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Diagnosis is made with isolation of Pasteurella multocida in a normally sterile site (blood, pus or CSF).
Treatment
This section does not cite any sources. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
As the infection is usually transmitted into humans through animal bites, antibiotics usually treat the infection, but medical attention should be sought if the wound is severely swelling. Pasteurellosis is usually treated with high-dose penicillin if severe. Either tetracycline or chloramphenicol provides an alternative in beta-lactam intolerant patients. However, it is most important to treat the wound.
See also
References
- ↑ Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-34-9. [http://www.horizonpress.com/past.
- ↑ Hunt Gerardo, S.; Citron, D. M.; Claros, M. C.; Fernandez, H. T.; Goldstein, E. J. C. (2001). "Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida and P. multocida subsp. septica Differentiation by PCR Fingerprinting and -Glucosidase Activity". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 39 (7): 2558–2564. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.7.2558-2564.2001. ISSN 0095-1137. PMID 11427568.
- ↑ Angen Ø, Mutters R, Caugant DA, Olsen JE, Bisgaard M; Mutters; Caugant; Olsen; Bisgaard (1999). "Taxonomic relationships of the [Pasteurella] haemolytica complex as evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridizations and 16S rRNA sequencing with proposal of Mannheimia haemolytica gen. nov., comb. nov., Mannheimia granulomatis comb. nov., Mannheimia glucosida sp. nov., Mannheimia ruminalis sp. nov. and Mannheimia varigena sp. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 (Pt 1): 67–86. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-1-67. PMID 10028248.
- ↑ Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella. Accessed on February 9, 2016
- ↑ Wilkie IW, Harper M, Boyce JD, Adler B (2012). "Pasteurella multocida: diseases and pathogenesis". Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 361: 1–22. doi:10.1007/82_2012_216. PMID 22643916.
- ↑ Chomel BB, Sun B (2011). "Zoonoses in the bedroom". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (2): 167–72. doi:10.3201/eid1702.101070. PMC 3298380. PMID 21291584.
- ↑ Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases common to Man and Animals. PAHO (2001). http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=19187&Itemid= Accessed on February 10, 2016
- ↑ Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella Accessed on February 10, 2016
- ↑ Kimura R, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Shimizu M, Iwata M, Tanahashi J; et al. (2004). "Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review". J Infect Chemother. 10 (4): 250–2. doi:10.1007/s10156-004-0331-5. PMID 15365869.
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