Pasteurellosis: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 34: | Line 34: | ||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' is usually transmitted via the cutaneous route to the human host. | *''[[Pasteurella]]'' is usually transmitted via the cutaneous route to the human host. | ||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' uses a number of mechanisms for avoiding or suppressing bactericidal responses: | *''[[Pasteurella]]'' uses a number of mechanisms for avoiding or suppressing bactericidal responses: | ||
**Lipopolysaccharides and the bacterias capsule probably play a substantial role in intracellular survival. | **Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the bacterias capsule probably play a substantial role in intracellular survival | ||
**[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] capsule has been shown in strains belonging to serogroups A and B to help resist phagocytosis by host immune cells and capsule type A has also been shown to help resist complement-mediated lysis | |||
**The LPS produced by [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] consists of a hydrophobic lipid A molecule (that anchors the LPS to the outer membrane), an inner core, and an outer core, both consisting of a series of sugars linked in a specific way | |||
**A study in a serovar 1 strain showed that a full-length LPS molecule was essential for the bacteria to be fully virulent in chickens | |||
**Strains that cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs are unique as they also have [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] toxin (PMT) residing on a bacteriophage. PMT is responsible for the twisted snouts observed in pigs infected with the bacteria. This toxin activates Rho GTPases, which bind and hydrolyze GTP, and are important in actin stress fiber formation | |||
**Formation of stress fibers may aid in the endocytosis of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] | |||
**The host cell cycle is also modulated by the toxin, which can act as an intracellularmitogen | |||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' needs iron to grow. | *''[[Pasteurella]]'' needs iron to grow. | ||
**[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] has developed mechanisms acquire iron from hemoglobin, ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin.<ref name="pmid226439163">{{cite journal| author=Wilkie IW, Harper M, Boyce JD, Adler B| title=Pasteurella multocida: diseases and pathogenesis. | journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol | year= 2012 | volume= 361 | issue= | pages= 1-22 | pmid=22643916 | doi=10.1007/82_2012_216 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22643916 }} </ref> | **[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] has developed mechanisms acquire iron from hemoglobin, ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin.<ref name="pmid226439163">{{cite journal| author=Wilkie IW, Harper M, Boyce JD, Adler B| title=Pasteurella multocida: diseases and pathogenesis. | journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol | year= 2012 | volume= 361 | issue= | pages= 1-22 | pmid=22643916 | doi=10.1007/82_2012_216 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22643916 }} </ref><ref name="b">Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella Accessed on February 10, 2016 </ref> | ||
==Types== | ==Types== | ||
There are several forms of the infection: | There are several forms of the infection: | ||
| Line 49: | Line 54: | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
*Pasteurellosis is caused by an infection with ''[[Pasteurella]]'' spp. | *Pasteurellosis is caused by an infection with ''[[Pasteurella]]'' [[Pasteurella|''spp''.]] | ||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. | *''[[Pasteurella]]'' is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. | ||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are nonmotile and pleomorphic. | *''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are nonmotile and pleomorphic. | ||
*Most ''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are catalase- and oxidase-positive. | *Most ''[[Pasteurella]]'' species are catalase- and oxidase-positive. | ||
*[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is the most frequent causative agent in human. | *[[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is the most frequent causative agent in human. | ||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' cells occur in many cats | *''[[Pasteurella]]'' cells occur in many cats mouths, a large percentage of dogs mouths, and frequently in rabbits. This is in perfectly normal and otherwise healthy animals. | ||
**Cats oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 70%–90% | **Cats oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 70%–90% | ||
**Dogs oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 50%–60% | **Dogs oral cavity colonization of [[Pasteurella multocida|''P. multocida'']] is between 50%–60% | ||
*Several reports describe human infections by ''[[Pasteurella]]'' [[Pasteurella|''spp''.]] that were acquired after '''close contact with pets''', including sharing a bed, being licked by, kissing the pets, animal scratches or bites. | |||
*Less commonly, pasteurellosis can be acquired by inhalating the bacteria or with non known source of infection. | *Less commonly, pasteurellosis can be acquired by inhalating the bacteria or with non known source of infection. | ||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' can be transmitted when exposed to animals that have been exposed directly or indirectly to the animals oropharyngeal secretions through licking or sniffing.<ref name="b">Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella Accessed on February 10, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid21291584">{{cite journal| author=Chomel BB, Sun B| title=Zoonoses in the bedroom. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 167-72 | pmid=21291584 | doi=10.3201/eid1702.101070 | pmc=PMC3298380 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21291584 }} </ref><ref name="abc">Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases common to Man and Animals. PAHO (2001). http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=19187&Itemid= Accessed on February 10, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid15365869">{{cite journal| author=Kimura R, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Shimizu M, Iwata M, Tanahashi J et al.| title=Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review. | journal=J Infect Chemother | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 250-2 | pmid=15365869 | doi=10.1007/s10156-004-0331-5 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15365869 }} </ref> | |||
*''[[Pasteurella]]'' can be transmitted when exposed to animals that have been exposed directly or indirectly to the | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Diagnosis is made with isolation of ''Pasteurella multocida'' in a normally sterile site (blood, pus or CSF). | Diagnosis is made with isolation of ''Pasteurella multocida'' in a normally sterile site (blood, pus or CSF). | ||
Revision as of 16:04, 10 February 2016
| Pasteurellosis | |
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | A28.0 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 027.2 |
| MeSH | D010326 |
This page is about clinical aspects of the disease. For microbiologic aspects of the causative organism(s), see Pasteurella multocida.
|
WikiDoc Resources for Pasteurellosis |
|
Articles |
|---|
|
Most recent articles on Pasteurellosis Most cited articles on Pasteurellosis |
|
Media |
|
Powerpoint slides on Pasteurellosis |
|
Evidence Based Medicine |
|
Clinical Trials |
|
Ongoing Trials on Pasteurellosis at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Pasteurellosis Clinical Trials on Pasteurellosis at Google
|
|
Guidelines / Policies / Govt |
|
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Pasteurellosis NICE Guidance on Pasteurellosis
|
|
Books |
|
News |
|
Commentary |
|
Definitions |
|
Patient Resources / Community |
|
Patient resources on Pasteurellosis Discussion groups on Pasteurellosis Patient Handouts on Pasteurellosis Directions to Hospitals Treating Pasteurellosis Risk calculators and risk factors for Pasteurellosis
|
|
Healthcare Provider Resources |
|
Causes & Risk Factors for Pasteurellosis |
|
Continuing Medical Education (CME) |
|
International |
|
|
|
Business |
|
Experimental / Informatics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac
Synonyms and keywords: Shipping fever; bovine respiratory disease complex; fibrinous pneumonia; pasteurella pneumonia; hemorrhagic septicemia; fowl cholera; snuffles
Overview
Pasteurellosis is an infection with a species of the bacterial genus Pasteurella,[1] which is found in humans and other animals.
Pasteurella multocida (subsp. septica and subsp. multocida) is carried in the mouth and respiratory tract of various animals, including pigs.[2] It is a small Gram negative bacillus with bipolar staining by Wayson stain. In animals, it can originate fulminant septicaemia (chicken cholera), but is also a common commensal.
Until taxonomic revision in 1999,[3] Mannheimia spp. were classified as Pasteurella spp., and infections by organisms now called Mannheimia spp., as well as by organisms now called Pasteurella spp., were designated as pasteurellosis. The term "pasteurellosis" is often still applied to mannheimiosis, although such usage has declined.
Historical Perspective
- The genus Pasteurella is named after the French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, who first identified the bacteria now known as Pasteurella multocida as the agent of chicken cholera.[4]
Pathophysiology
- The mechanisms of pathogenesis of Pasteurella infection in its natural host species and in humans are still not completely understood, and further studies are needed.
- Pasteurella is usually transmitted via the cutaneous route to the human host.
- Pasteurella uses a number of mechanisms for avoiding or suppressing bactericidal responses:
- Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the bacterias capsule probably play a substantial role in intracellular survival
- P. multocida capsule has been shown in strains belonging to serogroups A and B to help resist phagocytosis by host immune cells and capsule type A has also been shown to help resist complement-mediated lysis
- The LPS produced by P. multocida consists of a hydrophobic lipid A molecule (that anchors the LPS to the outer membrane), an inner core, and an outer core, both consisting of a series of sugars linked in a specific way
- A study in a serovar 1 strain showed that a full-length LPS molecule was essential for the bacteria to be fully virulent in chickens
- Strains that cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs are unique as they also have P. multocida toxin (PMT) residing on a bacteriophage. PMT is responsible for the twisted snouts observed in pigs infected with the bacteria. This toxin activates Rho GTPases, which bind and hydrolyze GTP, and are important in actin stress fiber formation
- Formation of stress fibers may aid in the endocytosis of P. multocida
- The host cell cycle is also modulated by the toxin, which can act as an intracellularmitogen
- Pasteurella needs iron to grow.
- P. multocida has developed mechanisms acquire iron from hemoglobin, ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin.[5][6]
Types
There are several forms of the infection:
- Skin/subcutaneous tissue disease is a septic phlegmon that develops classically in the hand and forearm after cat bite. Inflammatory signs are very rapid to develop; in 1 or 2 hours, edema, severe pain and serosanguineous exudate appear. Fever, moderate or very high can be seen along with vomiting, headache and diarrhea. Lymphangitis is common. Complications are possible, in the form of septic arthritis, osteitis or evolution to chronicity.
- Sepsis is very rare, but can be as fulminant as septicaemic plague, with high fever, rigors and vomiting, followed by shock and coagulopathy.
- Pneumonia disease is also rare and appears in patients with some chronic pulmonary pathology. It usually presents as bilateral consolidating pneumonia, sometimes very severe.
Other locations are possible, such as septic arthritis, meningitis and acute endocarditis, but are very rare.
Causes
- Pasteurellosis is caused by an infection with Pasteurella spp.
- Pasteurella is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria.
- Pasteurella species are nonmotile and pleomorphic.
- Most Pasteurella species are catalase- and oxidase-positive.
- P. multocida is the most frequent causative agent in human.
- Pasteurella cells occur in many cats mouths, a large percentage of dogs mouths, and frequently in rabbits. This is in perfectly normal and otherwise healthy animals.
- Cats oral cavity colonization of P. multocida is between 70%–90%
- Dogs oral cavity colonization of P. multocida is between 50%–60%
- Several reports describe human infections by Pasteurella spp. that were acquired after close contact with pets, including sharing a bed, being licked by, kissing the pets, animal scratches or bites.
- Less commonly, pasteurellosis can be acquired by inhalating the bacteria or with non known source of infection.
- Pasteurella can be transmitted when exposed to animals that have been exposed directly or indirectly to the animals oropharyngeal secretions through licking or sniffing.[6][7][8][9]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made with isolation of Pasteurella multocida in a normally sterile site (blood, pus or CSF).
Treatment
This section does not cite any sources. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
As the infection is usually transmitted into humans through animal bites, antibiotics usually treat the infection, but medical attention should be sought if the wound is severely swelling. Pasteurellosis is usually treated with high-dose penicillin if severe. Either tetracycline or chloramphenicol provides an alternative in beta-lactam intolerant patients. However, it is most important to treat the wound.
See also
References
- ↑ Kuhnert P; Christensen H (editors). (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-34-9. [http://www.horizonpress.com/past.
- ↑ Hunt Gerardo, S.; Citron, D. M.; Claros, M. C.; Fernandez, H. T.; Goldstein, E. J. C. (2001). "Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida and P. multocida subsp. septica Differentiation by PCR Fingerprinting and -Glucosidase Activity". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 39 (7): 2558–2564. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.7.2558-2564.2001. ISSN 0095-1137. PMID 11427568.
- ↑ Angen Ø, Mutters R, Caugant DA, Olsen JE, Bisgaard M; Mutters; Caugant; Olsen; Bisgaard (1999). "Taxonomic relationships of the [Pasteurella] haemolytica complex as evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridizations and 16S rRNA sequencing with proposal of Mannheimia haemolytica gen. nov., comb. nov., Mannheimia granulomatis comb. nov., Mannheimia glucosida sp. nov., Mannheimia ruminalis sp. nov. and Mannheimia varigena sp. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 (Pt 1): 67–86. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-1-67. PMID 10028248.
- ↑ Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella. Accessed on February 9, 2016
- ↑ Wilkie IW, Harper M, Boyce JD, Adler B (2012). "Pasteurella multocida: diseases and pathogenesis". Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 361: 1–22. doi:10.1007/82_2012_216. PMID 22643916.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pasteurella. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurella Accessed on February 10, 2016
- ↑ Chomel BB, Sun B (2011). "Zoonoses in the bedroom". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (2): 167–72. doi:10.3201/eid1702.101070. PMC 3298380. PMID 21291584.
- ↑ Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases common to Man and Animals. PAHO (2001). http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=19187&Itemid= Accessed on February 10, 2016
- ↑ Kimura R, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi T, Shimizu M, Iwata M, Tanahashi J; et al. (2004). "Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review". J Infect Chemother. 10 (4): 250–2. doi:10.1007/s10156-004-0331-5. PMID 15365869.
External links
Categories:
- CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
- CS1 maint: PMC format
- CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
- Articles needing additional references from May 2015
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- All articles needing additional references
- Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions
- Rabbit diseases
- Zoonotic bacterial diseases