Tularemia pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Pathogenesis== | ==Pathogenesis== | ||
===Transmission=== | ===Transmission=== | ||
*Bacteremic phase initiates the spread of disease into reticuloendothelial tissue. | *[[Bacteremia|Bacteremic]] phase initiates the spread of disease into [[reticuloendothelial]] tissue. | ||
*This evokes an | *This evokes an [[Immunology|immunological]] reaction resulting in a flurry of [[Tumor necrosis factor-alpha|tumor necrosis factor alpha]], [[interleukin-10]] and [[Interleukin 12|12]], as well as [[IFN|IFN-gamma]]. | ||
*T-cells become involved as the disease progresses. | *[[T-cells]] become involved as the disease progresses. | ||
*Studies show that T-cells are necessary in stopping the reaction, but not controlling it. | *Studies show that [[T-cells]] are necessary in stopping the reaction, but not controlling it. | ||
*A successful tularemia infection is the ultimate result of the disease's ability to survive within macrophage host cells. | *A successful tularemia infection is the ultimate result of the disease's ability to survive within [[macrophage]] host cells. | ||
===Mechanism of infection=== | ===Mechanism of infection=== | ||
* ''[[Francisella|Francisella tularensis]]'' is one of the most infectious bacteria known; fewer than ten organisms can cause disease leading to severe illness. | * ''[[Francisella|Francisella tularensis]]'' is one of the most infectious [[bacteria]] known; fewer than ten organisms can cause disease leading to severe illness. | ||
* The bacteria penetrate into the body through damaged skin and mucous membranes, or through inhalation. | * The [[Bacterial Endocarditis|bacteria]] penetrate into the body through damaged skin and [[mucous membranes]], or through inhalation. | ||
* Humans are most often infected by tick bite or through handling an infected animal. Ingesting infected water, soil, or food can also cause infection. | * Humans are most often infected by tick bite or through handling an infected animal. | ||
* Tularemia can also be acquired by inhalation; hunters are at a higher risk for this disease because of the potential of inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process. | * Ingesting infected water, soil, or food can also cause infection. | ||
* Tularemia can also be acquired by [[inhalation]]; hunters are at a higher risk for this disease because of the potential of inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process. | |||
* Tularemia is not spread directly from person to person. | * Tularemia is not spread directly from person to person. | ||
* ''Francisella tularensis'' is an intracellular bacterium, meaning that it is able to live as a parasite within host cells. | * ''Francisella tularensis'' is an [[Intracellular|intracellular bacterium]], meaning that it is able to live as a parasite within host cells. | ||
* It primarily infects [[macrophages]], a type of white blood cell. It is thus able to evade the immune system. | * It primarily infects [[macrophages]], a type of [[White blood cells|white blood cell]]. It is thus able to evade the [[immune system]]. | ||
* The course of disease involves spread of the organism to multiple organ systems, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymphatic system. | * The course of disease involves spread of the [[organism]] to multiple [[organ systems]], including the [[lungs]], [[liver]], [[spleen]], and [[lymphatic system]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 14:46, 22 March 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Tularemia is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis found in animals (especially rodents, rabbits, and hares). Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) is a tiny, pleomorphic, nonmotile, gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacillus (0.2 to 0.5 μm by 0.7 to 1.0 μm). It is a fastidious organism and may require cysteine supplementation for good growth on general laboratory media.
Pathogenesis
Transmission
- Bacteremic phase initiates the spread of disease into reticuloendothelial tissue.
- This evokes an immunological reaction resulting in a flurry of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10 and 12, as well as IFN-gamma.
- T-cells become involved as the disease progresses.
- Studies show that T-cells are necessary in stopping the reaction, but not controlling it.
- A successful tularemia infection is the ultimate result of the disease's ability to survive within macrophage host cells.
Mechanism of infection
- Francisella tularensis is one of the most infectious bacteria known; fewer than ten organisms can cause disease leading to severe illness.
- The bacteria penetrate into the body through damaged skin and mucous membranes, or through inhalation.
- Humans are most often infected by tick bite or through handling an infected animal.
- Ingesting infected water, soil, or food can also cause infection.
- Tularemia can also be acquired by inhalation; hunters are at a higher risk for this disease because of the potential of inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process.
- Tularemia is not spread directly from person to person.
- Francisella tularensis is an intracellular bacterium, meaning that it is able to live as a parasite within host cells.
- It primarily infects macrophages, a type of white blood cell. It is thus able to evade the immune system.
- The course of disease involves spread of the organism to multiple organ systems, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymphatic system.