Osteomyelitis overview: Difference between revisions
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
===Physical Examination=== | ===Physical Examination=== | ||
Patients with acute osteomyelitis may present with [[fever]], local [[swelling]], [[Redness of the skin|redness]], and [[tenderness]]. Patients with with chronic osteomyelitis may present with the following additional signs: bone sequestra, draining [[sinus]] tracts, thickened [[periosteum]], unhealing [[ulcers]], unhealing [[fractures]], [[Brodie's abscess]], and unstable joints in cases of infected prosthesis. Common affected bones include [[long bones]] and [[lumbar vertebrae]] in hematogenous osteomyelitis, hips, knees and elbows in contiguous-focus osteomyelitis, and foot bones in osteomyelitis secondary to vascular insufficiency. | |||
===Laboratory Findings=== | ===Laboratory Findings=== | ||
Revision as of 20:24, 18 April 2016
|
Osteomyelitis Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Osteomyelitis overview On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Osteomyelitis overview |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Osteomyelitis overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nate Michalak, B.A.
Overview
Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone or bone marrow, usually caused by pyogenic bacteria or mycobacteria. It can be usefully subclassifed on the basis of the causative organism, the route, duration and anatomic location of the infection.[1]
Historical Perspective
Osteomyelitis has been described since antiquity and evidence of the disease exists in dinosaur fossils. The disease used to be called "abscessus in medulla", "necrosis" and "boil of the bone marrow" until Auguste Nelation coined the term osteomyelitis in 1844. NJ Blockey, JT Watson, and TA McAllister developed treatment strategies for osteomyelitis in 1970 upon which current clinical practices are based.
Pathophysiology
Causes
Classification
Two classification schemes are currently used. Lew and Waldvogel classify osteomyelitis according to duration and mechanism of infection: hematogenouos osteomyelitis, contiguous-focus osteomyelitis, and osteomyeltis secondary to vascular insufficiency. Cierny and Mader classify osteomyelitis according to anatomy of bone infection and host physiology. This systems classifies the location of infection into 4 stages and the host's physiology into 3 levels of compromise.
Differentiating Osteomyelitis from Other Diseases
Osteomyeltis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause ostealgia, edema, and erythema including: soft tissue infection (commonly cellulitis or erysipelas), Charcot arthropathy, osteonecrosis, gout, fracture, bursitis, and malignancy.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence of osteomyelitis is approximately 13 per 100,000 in children and approximately 90 per 100,000 in adults. Hematogenous osteomyelitis occurs predominantly in children and elderly patients while osteomyelitis due to contiguous infection is most common in adults. Osteomyelitis is more common in males but equally affects each race. The disease is more common in developing countries.
Risk Factors
Risk factors for osteomyelitis include: diabetes, hemodialysis, immunocompromised patients, tuberculosis infection, injected drug use, poor blood circulation, sickle-cell disease, recent trauma, and orthopedic surgery.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Symptoms begin several days to weeks after infection. Symptoms lasting approximately less than 14 days is considered acute osteomyelitis, while longer lasting symptoms constitute chronic osteomyelitis. Acute symptoms include a prodrome accompanied by local erythema, edema, warmth, and pain. Patients with chronic osteomyelitis develop sinus tracts or sequestra. Bearing weight may become increasingly difficult and patients may develop soft tissue ulcers, nonhealing fractures, and Brodie's abscess. Complications include: bone destruction, amputation, contiguous infection of joints or soft tissue, impaired bone growth in children, neoplasm, or tumor. Prognosis is generally good for acute osteomyelitis but usually poor for patients with chronic osteomyelitis.
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Patient history is important to establish a diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Common histories include: intravenous drug use, bacteremia, recent open fracture or surgery, and diabetes. Common symptoms include: chills, fever, malaise, local pain and warmth, edema, and erythema. Fever is typically absent in diabetic patients with osteomyelitis secondary to vascular insufficiency and patients with an infected prosthesis.
Physical Examination
Patients with acute osteomyelitis may present with fever, local swelling, redness, and tenderness. Patients with with chronic osteomyelitis may present with the following additional signs: bone sequestra, draining sinus tracts, thickened periosteum, unhealing ulcers, unhealing fractures, Brodie's abscess, and unstable joints in cases of infected prosthesis. Common affected bones include long bones and lumbar vertebrae in hematogenous osteomyelitis, hips, knees and elbows in contiguous-focus osteomyelitis, and foot bones in osteomyelitis secondary to vascular insufficiency.
Laboratory Findings
X Ray
Diagnosis of osteomyelitis is often based on radiologic results showing a lytic center with a ring of sclerosis, though bone cultures are normally required to identify the specific pathogen. Conventional radiographic evaluation of acute osteomyelitis is insufficient because bone changes are not evident for 14–21 days after the onset of infection.
CT
Although MR imaging is the accepted modality of choice for the early detection and surgical localization of osteomyelitis, in the emergency department, CT is usually more readily available for establishing the diagnosis. [2]
At CT, features of bacterial osteomyelitis include overlying soft-tissue swelling, periosteal reaction, medullary low-attenuation areas or trabecular coarsening, and focal cortical erosions.
MRI
MR imaging is the accepted modality of choice for the early detection and surgical localization of osteomyelitis.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Osteomyelitis often requires prolonged antibiotic therapy, with a course lasting a matter of weeks or months. A PICC line or central venous catheter is often placed for this purpose. Initial first line antibiotic choice is determined by the patient's history and regional differences in common infective organisms. Prior to the widespread availability and use of antibiotics, blow fly larvae were sometimes deliberately introduced to the wounds to feed on the infected material, effectively scouring them clean. [3][4]Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been shown to be a useful adjunct to the treatment of refractory osteomyelitis.[5][6] A treatment lasting 42 days is practiced in a number of facilities.[7]
Surgery
Osteomyelitis also may require surgical debridement. Severe cases may lead to the loss of a limb.
Prevention
Presentation on Osteomyelitis
{{#ev:youtube|LjIv_3WavBU}}
References
- ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 810-811 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
- ↑ Laura M. Fayad, John A. Carrino, and Elliot K. Fishman. Musculoskeletal Infection: Role of CT in the Emergency Department. RadioGraphics 2007 27: 1723-1736.
- ↑ Baer M.D., William S. (1931). "The Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis with the Maggot (Larva of the Blow Fly)". Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 13: 438–475. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ↑ McKeever, Duncan Clark (2008). "The classic: maggots in treatment of osteomyelitis: a simple inexpensive method. 1933". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 466 (6): 1329–35. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0240-5. PMID 18404291. Unknown parameter
|quotes=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Mader JT, Adams KR, Sutton TE (1987). "Infectious diseases: pathophysiology and mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen". J. Hyperbaric Med. 2 (3): 133–140. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ↑ Kawashima M, Tamura H, Nagayoshi I, Takao K, Yoshida K, Yamaguchi T (2004). "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthopedic conditions". Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 (1): 155–62. PMID 15233171. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
- ↑ Putland M.D, Michael S., Hyperbaric Medicine, Capital Regional Medical Center, Tallahassee, Florida, personal inquiry June 2008.