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| ==Overview==
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| ===[[infective Conjunctivitis]]===
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| The surface tissues of the eye are [[colonized]] by [[normal flora]] such as ''[[streptococci]]'', ''[[staphylococci]]'', and ''[[corynebacteria]]''. Any change in the host defense or in the [[species of bacteria]] can lead to clinical infection. Any change in the flora can also occur by [[external contamination]] (contact lens wear, swimming) or spread from [[adjacent]] infectious sites (rubbing of the eyes).<ref name="pmid12564275">{{cite journal| author=Everitt H, Kumar S, Little P| title=A qualitative study of patients' perceptions of acute infective conjunctivitis. | journal=Br J Gen Pract | year= 2003 | volume= 53 | issue= 486 | pages= 36-41 | pmid=12564275 | doi= | pmc=1314490 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12564275 }} </ref>
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| The [[primary defense]] against infection is the [[epithelial]] layer covering the [[conjunctiva]]. [[Secondary defenses]] include [[hematologic immune mechanisms]] carried by the [[conjunctival]] [[vasculature]]; tear film [[immunoglobulins]] and [[lysozyme]]; and the rinsing action of [[lacrimation]] and blinking. [[Disruption]] of any of these [[defenses mechanisms]] can lead to infection.<ref name="pmid21188158">{{cite journal| author=Hutnik C, Mohammad-Shahi MH| title=Bacterial conjunctivitis. | journal=Clin Ophthalmol | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= | pages= 1451-7 | pmid=21188158 | doi=10.2147/OPTH.S10162 | pmc=3000772 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21188158 }} </ref>
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| ===[[Allergic Conjunctivitis]]===
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| Development of [[Allergic Conjunctivitis]] is result of [[type I hypersensitivity reactions]] involving the conjunctiva. Allergic conjunctivitis is prompted by [[IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reaction]]. [[Mast cell]] plays an important role in these allergic inflammations.<ref name="pmid26681960">{{cite journal| author=Kyei S, Koffuor GA, Ramkissoon P, Abokyi S, Owusu-Afriyie O, Wiredu EA| title=Possible Mechanism of Action of the Antiallergic Effect of an Aqueous Extract of Heliotropium indicum L. in Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Conjunctivitis. | journal=J Allergy (Cairo) | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= | pages= 245370 | pmid=26681960 | doi=10.1155/2015/245370 | pmc=4657065 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26681960 }} </ref>
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| [[Airborne antigens]] may be involved in the pathogenesis of Allergic Conjunctivitis. Common [[airborne antigens]], include [[pollen]], grass, and weeds, may provoke the symptoms of acute Allergic Conjunctivitis, and also there is a strong association with [[atopic dermatitis]] and [[Allergic Conjunctivitis]].<ref name="pmid19134019">{{cite journal| author=Malling HJ, Montagut A, Melac M, Patriarca G, Panzner P, Seberova E et al.| title=Efficacy and safety of 5-grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets in patients with different clinical profiles of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. | journal=Clin Exp Allergy | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 3 | pages= 387-93 | pmid=19134019 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03152.x | pmc=4233960 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19134019 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17967188">{{cite journal| author=Kämpe M, Stålenheim G, Janson C, Stolt I, Carlson M| title=Systemic and local eosinophil inflammation during the birch pollen season in allergic patients with predominant rhinitis or asthma. | journal=Clin Mol Allergy | year= 2007 | volume= 5 | issue= | pages= 4 | pmid=17967188 | doi=10.1186/1476-7961-5-4 | pmc=2174506 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17967188 }} </ref>
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| Combination of type I and [[type IV hypersensitivity reactions]] may be responsible for the pathogenesis of [[Giant papillary conjunctivitis]]. It is believed that an [[antigen]] is present, in predisposed individuals, which stimulates the immunological reaction.Prolonged mechanical irritation to the superior tarsal conjunctiva, of the upper lid, from any of a variety of foreign bodies may also be a contributing factor in Giant papillary conjunctivitis.
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| <ref name="pmid7886881">{{cite journal| author=Donshik PC| title=Giant papillary conjunctivitis. | journal=Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc | year= 1994 | volume= 92 | issue= | pages= 687-744 | pmid=7886881 | doi= | pmc=1298525 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7886881 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10703125">{{cite journal| author=Donshik PC, Porazinski AD| title=Giant papillary conjunctivitis in frequent-replacement contact lens wearers: a retrospective study. | journal=Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc | year= 1999 | volume= 97 | issue= | pages= 205-16; discussion 216-20 | pmid=10703125 | doi= | pmc=1298261 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10703125 }} </ref>
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| ===Keratoconjunctivitis===
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| <ref name="pmid27213053">{{cite journal| author=Zhang X, Zhao L, Deng S, Sun X, Wang N| title=Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Etiology, and Clinical Characteristics. | journal=J Ophthalmol | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= | pages= 8201053 | pmid=27213053 | doi=10.1155/2016/8201053 | pmc=4861815 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27213053 }} </ref>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |