Conjunctivitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
People who are exposed to someone infected with the [[viral]] or [[bacterial]] form of conjunctivitis are at risk for developing conjunctivitis. | People who are exposed to someone infected with the [[viral]] or [[bacterial]] form of conjunctivitis are at risk for developing conjunctivitis. | ||
Additionally, [[babies]] born to mothers infected with either [[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' or ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' are at an increased risk for conjunctivitis. During [[delivery]], these babies can contract [[ophthalmia neonatorum]], a form of bacterial conjunctivitis when their [[eyes]] are exposed to the [[bacteria]] in the [[birth canal]]. It must be treated immediately to prevent [[blindness]]. <ref name="pmid21718563">{{cite journal| author=Epling J| title=Bacterial conjunctivitis. | journal=BMJ Clin Evid | year= 2010 | volume= 2010 | issue= | pages= | pmid=21718563 | doi= | pmc=2907624 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21718563 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20082509">{{cite journal| author=Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T| title=Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 81 | issue= 2 | pages= 137-44 | pmid=20082509 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20082509 }} </ref> | Additionally, [[babies]] born to mothers infected with either ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' or ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' are at an increased risk for conjunctivitis. During [[delivery]], these babies can contract [[ophthalmia neonatorum]], a form of bacterial conjunctivitis when their [[eyes]] are exposed to the [[bacteria]] in the [[birth canal]]. It must be treated immediately to prevent [[blindness]]. <ref name="pmid21718563">{{cite journal| author=Epling J| title=Bacterial conjunctivitis. | journal=BMJ Clin Evid | year= 2010 | volume= 2010 | issue= | pages= | pmid=21718563 | doi= | pmc=2907624 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21718563 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20082509">{{cite journal| author=Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T| title=Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 81 | issue= 2 | pages= 137-44 | pmid=20082509 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20082509 }} </ref> | ||
===Infective Conjunctivitis=== | ===Infective Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of infective conjunctivitis include: | Common risk factors in the development of infective conjunctivitis include:<ref name="pmid20082509">{{cite journal| author=Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T| title=Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 81 | issue= 2 | pages= 137-44 | pmid=20082509 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20082509 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6970802">{{cite journal| author=Gigliotti F, Williams WT, Hayden FG, Hendley JO, Benjamin J, Dickens M et al.| title=Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1981 | volume= 98 | issue= 4 | pages= 531-6 | pmid=6970802 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6970802 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24681609">{{cite journal| author=Tagliaferri A, Love TE, Szczotka-Flynn LB| title=Risk factors for contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis associated with silicone hydrogel contact lens wear. | journal=Eye Contact Lens | year= 2014 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 117-22 | pmid=24681609 | doi=10.1097/ICL.0000000000000019 | pmc=4113198 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24681609 }} </ref> | ||
*Poor hygienic habits | *Poor hygienic habits | ||
*Poor [[contact lens]] hygiene | *Poor [[contact lens]] hygiene | ||
| Line 24: | Line 25: | ||
===Neonatal Conjunctivitis=== | ===Neonatal Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of neonatal conjunctivitis include: | Common risk factors in the development of neonatal conjunctivitis include:<ref name="pmid19995198">{{cite journal| author=Gichuhi S, Bosire R, Mbori-Ngacha D, Gichuhi C, Wamalwa D, Maleche-Obimbo E et al.| title=Risk factors for neonatal conjunctivitis in babies of HIV-1 infected mothers. | journal=Ophthalmic Epidemiol | year= 2009 | volume= 16 | issue= 6 | pages= 337-45 | pmid=19995198 | doi=10.3109/09286580903144746 | pmc=3223245 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19995198 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15871630">{{cite journal| author=Zar HJ| title=Neonatal chlamydial infections: prevention and treatment. | journal=Paediatr Drugs | year= 2005 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 103-10 | pmid=15871630 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15871630 }} </ref><ref name="pmid982267">{{cite journal| author=Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Caldwell DR, Wilson LA| title=Eye infections with herpes simplex viruses in neonates. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 1976 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=982267 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=982267 }} </ref> | ||
*Maternal infections | *Maternal infections | ||
*HIV infected mothers | *HIV infected mothers | ||
| Line 37: | Line 39: | ||
===Allergic Conjunctivitis=== | ===Allergic Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of allergic conjunctivitis include: | Common risk factors in the development of allergic conjunctivitis include:<ref name="pmid27224053">{{cite journal| author=Hsieh VC, Liu CC, Hsiao YC, Wu TN| title=Risk of Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis, and Eczema in Children Born to Mothers with Gum Inflammation during Pregnancy. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2016 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= e0156185 | pmid=27224053 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0156185 | pmc=4880316 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27224053 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14657851">{{cite journal| author=Borish L| title=Allergic rhinitis: systemic inflammation and implications for management. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2003 | volume= 112 | issue= 6 | pages= 1021-31 | pmid=14657851 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.015 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14657851 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Pollen]] from trees, grass | *[[Pollen]] from trees, grass | ||
*Animal skin and secretions such as [[saliva]] | *Animal skin and secretions such as [[saliva]] | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The most potent risk factor for conjunctivitis is exposure to an individual infected with either the viral or bacterial form of conjunctivitis. Vaginal delivery is a risk factor for conjunctivitis in babies born to mothers infected with either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis.[1]
Risk Factors
People who are exposed to someone infected with the viral or bacterial form of conjunctivitis are at risk for developing conjunctivitis. Additionally, babies born to mothers infected with either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are at an increased risk for conjunctivitis. During delivery, these babies can contract ophthalmia neonatorum, a form of bacterial conjunctivitis when their eyes are exposed to the bacteria in the birth canal. It must be treated immediately to prevent blindness. [1][2]
Infective Conjunctivitis
Common risk factors in the development of infective conjunctivitis include:[2][3][4]
- Poor hygienic habits
- Poor contact lens hygiene
- Contaminated cosmetics
- Crowded living or social conditions (elementary schools, military barracks)
- Ocular diseases including dry eye, blepharitis, and anatomic abnormalities of the ocular surface and lids
- Recent ocular surgery, exposed sutures or ocular foreign bodies
- Chronic use of topical medications
- Immune compromise
Neonatal Conjunctivitis
Common risk factors in the development of neonatal conjunctivitis include:[5][6][7]
- Maternal infections
- HIV infected mothers
- Exposure of the infant to infectious organisms
- Inadequacy of ocular prophylaxis after birth
- Silver nitrate exposure
- Ocular trauma during delivery
- Mechanical ventilation
- Prematurity
- Poor prenatal care
- Poor hygienic delivery conditions
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Common risk factors in the development of allergic conjunctivitis include:[8][9]
- Pollen from trees, grass
- Animal skin and secretions such as saliva
- Perfumes
- Cosmetics
- Air pollution
- Smok
Keratoconjunctivitis
Common risk factors in the development of keratoconjunctivitis sicca include:
- Allergies
- Decreased hormones (aging, pregnancy)
- Thyroid eye conditions
- Blepharitis
- Medication use (anti histamines, beta-blockers, pain relievers, sleeping pills, diuretics, Hormones replacement, and oral contraceptives)
- Autoimmune disorders (Sjogren's syndrome, Lupus ,and Rheumatoid Arthritis)
- Eye surgery
- Infrequent blinking (staring at computer and Parkinson's)
- Environmental (dusty or windy)
- Contact lens use
- Neurologic conditions (stroke, Bell's palsy, Parkinson's, trigeminal nerve problem)
- Uveitis
- Iritis
- Diabetes
- Vitamin A deficiency
Common risk factors in the development of superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis include:
- Mechanical soft-tissue microtrauma (conjunctiva laxity)
- Morphologic changes in superior conjunctival
- Prolonged eyelid closure
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Epling J (2010). "Bacterial conjunctivitis". BMJ Clin Evid. 2010. PMC 2907624. PMID 21718563.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T (2010). "Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care". Am Fam Physician. 81 (2): 137–44. PMID 20082509.
- ↑ Gigliotti F, Williams WT, Hayden FG, Hendley JO, Benjamin J, Dickens M; et al. (1981). "Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children". J Pediatr. 98 (4): 531–6. PMID 6970802.
- ↑ Tagliaferri A, Love TE, Szczotka-Flynn LB (2014). "Risk factors for contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis associated with silicone hydrogel contact lens wear". Eye Contact Lens. 40 (3): 117–22. doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000019. PMC 4113198. PMID 24681609.
- ↑ Gichuhi S, Bosire R, Mbori-Ngacha D, Gichuhi C, Wamalwa D, Maleche-Obimbo E; et al. (2009). "Risk factors for neonatal conjunctivitis in babies of HIV-1 infected mothers". Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 16 (6): 337–45. doi:10.3109/09286580903144746. PMC 3223245. PMID 19995198.
- ↑ Zar HJ (2005). "Neonatal chlamydial infections: prevention and treatment". Paediatr Drugs. 7 (2): 103–10. PMID 15871630.
- ↑ Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Caldwell DR, Wilson LA (1976). "Eye infections with herpes simplex viruses in neonates". Surv Ophthalmol. 21 (2): 100–5. PMID 982267.
- ↑ Hsieh VC, Liu CC, Hsiao YC, Wu TN (2016). "Risk of Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis, and Eczema in Children Born to Mothers with Gum Inflammation during Pregnancy". PLoS One. 11 (5): e0156185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156185. PMC 4880316. PMID 27224053.
- ↑ Borish L (2003). "Allergic rhinitis: systemic inflammation and implications for management". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 112 (6): 1021–31. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.015. PMID 14657851.