Conjunctivitis history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Pinkeye_twoangles.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Eyes with conjunctivitis]] | [[Image:Pinkeye_twoangles.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Eyes with conjunctivitis]] | ||
A detailed and thorough history from the patient is necessary. Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include exposure history, recent infection, contact lens use, history of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted disease (STD)]], history of [[autoimmune diseases]], and any specific environmental or work-related exposure. | A detailed and thorough history from the patient is necessary. Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include exposure history, recent infection, contact lens use, history of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted disease (STD)]], history of [[autoimmune diseases]], and any specific environmental or work-related exposure. | ||
The symptoms of conjunctivitis differ based on the cause of the [[inflammation]]. [[Redness]], [[excessive tearing]], and [[irritation]] are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. [[Photophobia]], [[itching]], [[mucopurulent]] or non-purulent discharge, [[chemosis]], burning eyes, [[blurred vision]] and [[eyelid]] [[swelling]] are variable. | The symptoms of conjunctivitis differ based on the cause of the [[inflammation]]. [[Redness]], [[excessive tearing]], and [[irritation]] are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. [[Photophobia]], [[itching]], [[mucopurulent]] or non-purulent discharge, [[chemosis]], burning eyes, [[blurred vision]] and [[eyelid]] [[swelling]] are variable.<ref name="pmid17696792">{{cite journal| author=Rose P| title=Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review. | journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother | year= 2007 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= 1903-21 | pmid=17696792 | doi=10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17696792 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10922425">{{cite journal| author=Leibowitz HM| title=The red eye. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 343 | issue= 5 | pages= 345-51 | pmid=10922425 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200008033430507 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10922425 }} </ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Complete history will help determine the correct therapy. A detailed and thorough history from the patient is necessary. | Complete history will help determine the correct therapy. A detailed and thorough history from the patient is necessary. | ||
The history of a patient with conjunctivitis should include a thorough ocular, medical and medication history. The history establish whether the condition is acute, subacute, chronic or recurrent, and whether it is associated with any specific environmental or work-related exposure. | The history of a patient with conjunctivitis should include a thorough ocular, medical and medication history. The history establish whether the condition is acute, subacute, chronic or recurrent, and whether it is associated with any specific environmental or work-related exposure.<ref name="pmid17696792">{{cite journal| author=Rose P| title=Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review. | journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother | year= 2007 | volume= 8 | issue= 12 | pages= 1903-21 | pmid=17696792 | doi=10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17696792 }} </ref> | ||
===Viral Conjunctivitis=== | ===Viral Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include: | Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:<ref name="pmid10922425">{{cite journal| author=Leibowitz HM| title=The red eye. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 343 | issue= 5 | pages= 345-51 | pmid=10922425 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200008033430507 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10922425 }} </ref> | ||
*Exposure history | *Exposure history | ||
*Recent [[upper respiratory infection|upper respiratory infection (URI)]] | *Recent [[upper respiratory infection|upper respiratory infection (URI)]] | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
===Bacterial Conjunctivitis=== | ===Bacterial Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include: | Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:<ref name="pmid17585426">{{cite journal| author=| title=Bacterial conjunctivitis in children: antibiotic eye drops only if eye washing is ineffective. | journal=Prescrire Int | year= 2007 | volume= 16 | issue= 89 | pages= 120-1 | pmid=17585426 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17585426 }} </ref> | ||
*History of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted disease (STD)]] | *History of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted disease (STD)]] | ||
*Exposure history (contaminated fingers, [[oculogenita]]l spread, and contaminated [[fomites]]) | *Exposure history (contaminated fingers, [[oculogenita]]l spread, and contaminated [[fomites]]) | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
===Neonatal Conjunctivitis=== | ===Neonatal Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include: | Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:<ref name="pmid3084664">{{cite journal| author=Fransen L, Nsanze H, Klauss V, Van der Stuyft P, D'Costa L, Brunham RC et al.| title=Ophthalmia neonatorum in Nairobi, Kenya: the roles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1986 | volume= 153 | issue= 5 | pages= 862-9 | pmid=3084664 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3084664 }} </ref> | ||
*History of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted disease (STD)]] in mother | *History of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted disease (STD)]] in mother | ||
*[[Ocular]] [[prophylaxis]] with silver nitrate | *[[Ocular]] [[prophylaxis]] with silver nitrate | ||
===Allergic Conjunctivitis=== | ===Allergic Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include: | Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:<ref name="pmid23497516">{{cite journal| author=La Rosa M, Lionetti E, Reibaldi M, Russo A, Longo A, Leonardi S et al.| title=Allergic conjunctivitis: a comprehensive review of the literature. | journal=Ital J Pediatr | year= 2013 | volume= 39 | issue= | pages= 18 | pmid=23497516 | doi=10.1186/1824-7288-39-18 | pmc=3640929 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23497516 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18282546">{{cite journal| author=Jun J, Bielory L, Raizman MB| title=Vernal conjunctivitis. | journal=Immunol Allergy Clin North Am | year= 2008 | volume= 28 | issue= 1 | pages= 59-82, vi | pmid=18282546 | doi=10.1016/j.iac.2007.12.007 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18282546 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15245362">{{cite journal| author=Bonini S| title=Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. | journal=Allergy | year= 2004 | volume= 59 Suppl 78 | issue= | pages= 71-3 | pmid=15245362 | doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00570.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15245362 }} </ref> | ||
*Family history of [[atopic disease]] such as: | *Family history of [[atopic disease]] such as: | ||
**[[Allergic rhinitis]] | **[[Allergic rhinitis]] | ||
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===Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca=== | ===Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca=== | ||
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include: | Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:<ref name="pmid19506195">{{cite journal| author=Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA| title=Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies. | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 127 | issue= 6 | pages= 763-8 | pmid=19506195 | doi=10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103 | pmc=2836718 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19506195 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9820935">{{cite journal| author=Stern ME, Beuerman RW, Fox RI, Gao J, Mircheff AK, Pflugfelder SC| title=The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands. | journal=Cornea | year= 1998 | volume= 17 | issue= 6 | pages= 584-9 | pmid=9820935 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9820935 }} </ref> | ||
*History of [[connective tissue disease]] | *History of [[connective tissue disease]] | ||
*History of [[sjögren syndrome]] | *History of [[sjögren syndrome]] | ||
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===Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis=== | ===Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis=== | ||
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include: | Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:<ref name="pmid11914237">{{cite journal| author=Watson S, Tullo AB, Carley F| title=Treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis with a unilateral bandage contact lens. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2002 | volume= 86 | issue= 4 | pages= 485-6 | pmid=11914237 | doi= | pmc=1771108 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11914237 }} </ref> | ||
*Prolonged condition with gradual clearing | *Prolonged condition with gradual clearing | ||
*Often have seen numerous eye specialists | *Often have seen numerous eye specialists | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
The symptoms of conjunctivitis differ based on the cause of the [[inflammation]]. [[Redness]], [[excessive tearing]], and [[irritation]] are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. [[Photophobia]], [[itching]], [[mucopurulent]] or non-purulent discharge, [[chemosis]], burning eyes, [[blurred vision]] and [[eyelid]] [[swelling]] are variable. | The symptoms of conjunctivitis differ based on the cause of the [[inflammation]]. [[Redness]], [[excessive tearing]], and [[irritation]] are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. [[Photophobia]], [[itching]], [[mucopurulent]] or non-purulent discharge, [[chemosis]], burning eyes, [[blurred vision]] and [[eyelid]] [[swelling]] are variable.<ref name="pmid10922425">{{cite journal| author=Leibowitz HM| title=The red eye. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 343 | issue= 5 | pages= 345-51 | pmid=10922425 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200008033430507 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10922425 }} </ref> | ||
===Viral Conjunctivitis=== | ===Viral Conjunctivitis=== | ||
''[[Adenovirus]]'' is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis. It has [[Acute]] or [[subacute]] [[onset]], and often occurs in community epidemics. Both eyes may be affected simultaneously, or the second eye may become involved a few days after the first eye. | ''[[Adenovirus]]'' is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis. It has [[Acute]] or [[subacute]] [[onset]], and often occurs in community epidemics. Both eyes may be affected simultaneously, or the second eye may become involved a few days after the first eye. | ||
[[Symptoms]] of [[viral]] conjunctivitis may include the following: | [[Symptoms]] of [[viral]] conjunctivitis may include the following:<ref name="pmid21733975">{{cite journal| author=Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin| title=Management of acute infective conjunctivitis. | journal=Drug Ther Bull | year= 2011 | volume= 49 | issue= 7 | pages= 78-81 | pmid=21733975 | doi=10.1136/dtb.2011.02.0043 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21733975 }} </ref> | ||
====Pharyngoconjunctival Fever==== | ====Pharyngoconjunctival Fever==== | ||
*High [[fever]] | *High [[fever]] | ||
| Line 89: | Line 89: | ||
===Bacterial Conjunctivitis=== | ===Bacterial Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Bacterial conjunctivitis has Hyperacute, [[acute]], and [[chronic]] onset. Symptoms of [[bacterial]] conjunctivitis may include the following: | Bacterial conjunctivitis has Hyperacute, [[acute]], and [[chronic]] onset. Symptoms of [[bacterial]] conjunctivitis may include the following: | ||
<ref name="pmid15195156">{{cite journal| author=Høvding G| title=[Acute bacterial conjunctivitis]. | journal=Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 11 | pages= 1518-20 | pmid=15195156 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15195156 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Itchy]] eyes | *[[Itchy]] eyes | ||
*Tearing | *Tearing | ||
| Line 107: | Line 108: | ||
===Neonatal Conjunctivitis=== | ===Neonatal Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Symptoms of various types of neonatal conjunctivitis or [[ophthalmia neonatorum]] may include the following:<ref name="pmid25606121">{{cite journal| author=Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G| title=Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review. | journal=Malays Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 77-81 | pmid=25606121 | doi= | pmc=4170304 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25606121 }} </ref> | Symptoms of various types of neonatal conjunctivitis or [[ophthalmia neonatorum]] may include the following:<ref name="pmid25606121">{{cite journal| author=Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G| title=Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review. | journal=Malays Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 77-81 | pmid=25606121 | doi= | pmc=4170304 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25606121 }} </ref><ref name=Neonatal-conjunctivitis >Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015)[http://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis/newborns.html] Accessed on June 30, 2016 </ref> | ||
====''Gonococcal'' Conjunctivitis==== | ====''Gonococcal'' Conjunctivitis==== | ||
Gonococcal conjunctivitis is more severe than chlamydial conjunctivitis. The incubation period is 2-5 days. It is usually bilateral. Symptoms of ''gonococcal'' conjunctivitis may include the following: | Gonococcal conjunctivitis is more severe than chlamydial conjunctivitis. The incubation period is 2-5 days. It is usually bilateral. Symptoms of ''gonococcal'' conjunctivitis may include the following: | ||
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===Allergic Conjunctivitis=== | ===Allergic Conjunctivitis=== | ||
Symptoms of [[allergic]] conjunctivitis may include the following: | Symptoms of [[allergic]] conjunctivitis may include the following:<ref name="pmid18786127">{{cite journal| author=Kumar S| title=Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a major review. | journal=Acta Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 87 | issue= 2 | pages= 133-47 | pmid=18786127 | doi=10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01347.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18786127 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Itchy]] eyes (most impotant) | *[[Itchy]] eyes (most impotant) | ||
*Tearing | *Tearing | ||
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===Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca=== | ===Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca=== | ||
Symptoms of [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome)]] may include the following: | Symptoms of [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome)]] may include the following:<ref name="pmid16309672">{{cite journal| author=Zoukhri D| title=Effect of inflammation on lacrimal gland function. | journal=Exp Eye Res | year= 2006 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= 885-98 | pmid=16309672 | doi=10.1016/j.exer.2005.10.018 | pmc=1361268 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16309672 }} </ref> | ||
*Foreign-body sensation | *Foreign-body sensation | ||
*[[Grittiness]] | *[[Grittiness]] | ||
| Line 148: | Line 149: | ||
===Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis=== | ===Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis=== | ||
Symptoms of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis may include the following: | Symptoms of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis may include the following:<ref name="pmid2695351">{{cite journal| author=Nelson JD| title=Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK). | journal=Eye (Lond) | year= 1989 | volume= 3 ( Pt 2) | issue= | pages= 180-9 | pmid=2695351 | doi=10.1038/eye.1989.26 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2695351 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Foreign body sensation]] | *[[Foreign body sensation]] | ||
*[[Photophobia]] | *[[Photophobia]] | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2] Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]
Overview
A detailed and thorough history from the patient is necessary. Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include exposure history, recent infection, contact lens use, history of sexually transmitted disease (STD), history of autoimmune diseases, and any specific environmental or work-related exposure. The symptoms of conjunctivitis differ based on the cause of the inflammation. Redness, excessive tearing, and irritation are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. Photophobia, itching, mucopurulent or non-purulent discharge, chemosis, burning eyes, blurred vision and eyelid swelling are variable.[1][2]
History
Complete history will help determine the correct therapy. A detailed and thorough history from the patient is necessary. The history of a patient with conjunctivitis should include a thorough ocular, medical and medication history. The history establish whether the condition is acute, subacute, chronic or recurrent, and whether it is associated with any specific environmental or work-related exposure.[1]
Viral Conjunctivitis
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:[2]
- Exposure history
- Recent upper respiratory infection (URI)
- Swimming in contaminated pools
- Contact lens use
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:[3]
- History of sexually transmitted disease (STD)
- Exposure history (contaminated fingers, oculogenital spread, and contaminated fomites)
- Contact lens use
- Chronic use of topical medications
Neonatal Conjunctivitis
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:[4]
- History of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in mother
- Ocular prophylaxis with silver nitrate
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:[5][6][7]
- Family history of atopic disease such as:
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:[8][9]
- History of connective tissue disease
- History of sjögren syndrome
- History of rheumatoid arthritis
- History of thyroid abnormalities
- Contact lens use
- History of neurologic conditions (stroke, Bell's palsy, Parkinson's, trigeminal nerve problem)
- Prior eye surgery
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis
Specific areas of focus when obtaining a history from the patient include:[10]
- Prolonged condition with gradual clearing
- Often have seen numerous eye specialists
Symptoms
The symptoms of conjunctivitis differ based on the cause of the inflammation. Redness, excessive tearing, and irritation are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. Photophobia, itching, mucopurulent or non-purulent discharge, chemosis, burning eyes, blurred vision and eyelid swelling are variable.[2]
Viral Conjunctivitis
Adenovirus is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis. It has Acute or subacute onset, and often occurs in community epidemics. Both eyes may be affected simultaneously, or the second eye may become involved a few days after the first eye. Symptoms of viral conjunctivitis may include the following:[11]
Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
- High fever
- Pharyngitis
- Bilateral conjunctivitis
- Periauricular lymphadenopathy
- Itchy eyes
- Tearing
- Minimal pain level
- Light sensitivity (with corneal involvement)
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
- Watery discharge
- Hyperemia
- Chemosis
- Ipsilateral lymphadenopathy
- Itchy eyes
- Tearing
- Minimal pain level
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) is a rapidly progressive and contagious viral infection.The infection resolves within 5-7 days, during which the symptoms of pain and irritation are present. Symptoms of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis may include the following:
- Chemosis
- Tearing
- Redness
- Severe pain level
- Purulent discharge
- Subconjunctival hemorrhaging
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Bacterial conjunctivitis has Hyperacute, acute, and chronic onset. Symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis may include the following: [12]
Hyperacute Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is a severe, sight-threatening ocular infection that warrants immediate ophthalmic work-up and management. The infection has an abrupt onset and rapid progression. Symptoms of Hyperacute Bacterial conjunctivitis may include the following:
- Chemosis
- Tearing
- Redness
- Eye pain
- Decreased vision
- Severe purulent discharge (yellow-green)
- Preauricular lymphadenopathy
Neonatal Conjunctivitis
Symptoms of various types of neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum may include the following:[13][14]
Gonococcal Conjunctivitis
Gonococcal conjunctivitis is more severe than chlamydial conjunctivitis. The incubation period is 2-5 days. It is usually bilateral. Symptoms of gonococcal conjunctivitis may include the following:
Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
It has a later onset than gonococcal conjunctivitis. The incubation period is 5-14 days and the colonization of the eye after birth does not always result in infection. Symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis may include the following:
Chemical conjunctivitis
Chemical conjunctivitis usually occurs within 24 hours of instillation of silver nitrate solution and resolves spontaneously within a few days. Symptoms of 'chemical conjunctivitis may include the following:
- Eyelids swelling
- Redness
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis may include the following:[15]
- Itchy eyes (most impotant)
- Tearing
- Bilateral redness
- Watery discharge
- Photophobia (with corneal involvement)
- Foreign body sensation
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) may include the following:[16]
- Foreign-body sensation
- Grittiness
- Hyperemia
- Mucoid discharge
- Excessive tearing (secondary to reflex secretion)
- Photophobia
- Itchy eye
- Fluctuating] blurry vision
- Malaise
- Weight loss
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
Symptoms of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis may include the following:[17]
- Foreign body sensation
- Photophobia
- Excessive blinking
- Burning sensation
- Itchy eye
- Dry eye sensation
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rose P (2007). "Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 8 (12): 1903–21. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903. PMID 17696792.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Leibowitz HM (2000). "The red eye". N Engl J Med. 343 (5): 345–51. doi:10.1056/NEJM200008033430507. PMID 10922425.
- ↑ "Bacterial conjunctivitis in children: antibiotic eye drops only if eye washing is ineffective". Prescrire Int. 16 (89): 120–1. 2007. PMID 17585426.
- ↑ Fransen L, Nsanze H, Klauss V, Van der Stuyft P, D'Costa L, Brunham RC; et al. (1986). "Ophthalmia neonatorum in Nairobi, Kenya: the roles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis". J Infect Dis. 153 (5): 862–9. PMID 3084664.
- ↑ La Rosa M, Lionetti E, Reibaldi M, Russo A, Longo A, Leonardi S; et al. (2013). "Allergic conjunctivitis: a comprehensive review of the literature". Ital J Pediatr. 39: 18. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-39-18. PMC 3640929. PMID 23497516.
- ↑ Jun J, Bielory L, Raizman MB (2008). "Vernal conjunctivitis". Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 28 (1): 59–82, vi. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2007.12.007. PMID 18282546.
- ↑ Bonini S (2004). "Atopic keratoconjunctivitis". Allergy. 59 Suppl 78: 71–3. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00570.x. PMID 15245362.
- ↑ Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA (2009). "Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the Physicians' Health Studies". Arch Ophthalmol. 127 (6): 763–8. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103. PMC 2836718. PMID 19506195.
- ↑ Stern ME, Beuerman RW, Fox RI, Gao J, Mircheff AK, Pflugfelder SC (1998). "The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands". Cornea. 17 (6): 584–9. PMID 9820935.
- ↑ Watson S, Tullo AB, Carley F (2002). "Treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis with a unilateral bandage contact lens". Br J Ophthalmol. 86 (4): 485–6. PMC 1771108. PMID 11914237.
- ↑ Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin (2011). "Management of acute infective conjunctivitis". Drug Ther Bull. 49 (7): 78–81. doi:10.1136/dtb.2011.02.0043. PMID 21733975.
- ↑ Høvding G (2004). "[Acute bacterial conjunctivitis]". Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 124 (11): 1518–20. PMID 15195156.
- ↑ Mallika P, Asok T, Faisal H, Aziz S, Tan A, Intan G (2008). "Neonatal conjunctivitis - a review". Malays Fam Physician. 3 (2): 77–81. PMC 4170304. PMID 25606121.
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015)[1] Accessed on June 30, 2016
- ↑ Kumar S (2009). "Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a major review". Acta Ophthalmol. 87 (2): 133–47. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01347.x. PMID 18786127.
- ↑ Zoukhri D (2006). "Effect of inflammation on lacrimal gland function". Exp Eye Res. 82 (5): 885–98. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.10.018. PMC 1361268. PMID 16309672.
- ↑ Nelson JD (1989). "Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)". Eye (Lond). 3 ( Pt 2): 180–9. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.26. PMID 2695351.