Osteoporosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Risk factors for [[osteoporosis]] include | Risk factors for [[osteoporosis]] [[disease]] are o two types, include: | ||
# Non-modifiable: age, sex, [[menopause]], and [[family history]] | |||
# Modifiable (potentially): [[smoking]], [[alcohol]], [[immobility]], [[glucocorticoid]] abuse, and [[Proton pump inhibitor|proton pump inhibitor (PPI)]] | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
=== | ===More common=== | ||
* Age | * Age > 50 | ||
* [[Menopause]] | * [[Menopause]] (lack of [[estrogen]]) | ||
* [[Family history (medicine)|Family history]] of fracture or osteoporosis | * [[Family history (medicine)|Family history]] of [[Bone fracture|fracture]] or [[osteoporosis]] | ||
* History of at least two fractures <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ojo F, Al Snih S, Ray LA, Raji MA, Markides KS |title=History of fractures as predictor of subsequent hip and nonhip fractures among older Mexican Americans |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=412-8 |year=2007 |pmid=17444431 |doi=}}</ref> | * History of at least two [[Bone fracture|fractures]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ojo F, Al Snih S, Ray LA, Raji MA, Markides KS |title=History of fractures as predictor of subsequent hip and nonhip fractures among older Mexican Americans |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=412-8 |year=2007 |pmid=17444431 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Alcohol]] | * [[Alcohol]] consumption | ||
* [[Smoking]] | * [[Smoking]] (inhibits activity of [[osteoblasts]])<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wong PK, Christie JJ, Wark JD |title=The effects of smoking on bone health |journal=Clin. Sci. |volume=113 |issue=5|pages=233–41 |year=2007 |pmid=17663660 |doi=10.1042/CS20060173}}</ref> | ||
* Insufficient physical activity | * Insufficient [[physical activity]] (lack of bone remodeling) | ||
* [[Glucocorticoids]] | * [[Glucocorticoids]] ([[steroid]]-induced osteoporosis)<ref>{{cite book |author=Bone and Tooth Society of Great Britain, National Osteoporosis Society, Royal College of Physicians |title=Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis |year=2003 |publisher=Royal College of Physicians of London |location=London, UK |isbn=1-860-16173-1 | url=http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/contents/966c62dd-8011-4f65-a61d-dd0c7fe4fa4b.pdf }}</ref> | ||
* [[Proton pump inhibitors]] <ref>{{cite journal | author = {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}ang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC |title=Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture | journal=JAMA | year=2006 | volume=296 | pages=2947-53 | id=PMID 17190895 }}</ref> | * [[Proton pump inhibitors]]<ref>{{cite journal | author = {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}ang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC |title=Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture | journal=JAMA | year=2006 | volume=296 | pages=2947-53 | id=PMID 17190895 }}</ref> | ||
===Less | ===Less common=== | ||
* Low [[body mass index]] | * Low [[body mass index]] (BMI): being overweight protects against osteoporosis, either by increasing load or through the [[leptin]] [[hormone]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shapses SA, Riedt CS |title=Bone, body weight, and weight reduction: what are the concerns? |journal=J. Nutr. |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=1453–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16702302 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
* Low [[calcium]] and vitamin D intake | * Low [[calcium]] and vitamin D intake: [[calcium]] and/or [[vitamin D]] deficiency from [[malnutrition]] | ||
* Excess physical activity | * Excess physical activity: constant damage to [[bone]] and [[amenorrhea]] in females | ||
* [[Heavy metals]] | * [[Heavy metals]]: higher [[cadmium]] exposure results in [[osteomalacia]] (softening of the [[Bone-cell|bone]]).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Staessen J, Roels H, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J, Fagard R | title = Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium (PheeCad) Study Group. | journal = Lancet| volume = 353 | issue = 9159 | pages = 1140-4 | year = 1999 | month = Apr 3 | id = PMID 10209978}}</ref> [[Lead]] exposure also causes [[osteoporosis]]. | ||
* Soft drinks | * Soft drinks: [[phosphoric acid]] may increase chances of osteoporosis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP |title=Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=936–42|year=2006 |pmid=17023723 |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=Soft drinks in schools |journal=Pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=1 Pt 1 |pages=152–4|year=2004 |pmid=14702469 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Female athlete triad]] | * [[Female athlete triad|Female athlete triad syndrome]] | ||
* [[Barbiturates]] <ref>{{cite journal|author=Petty SJ, O'Brien TJ, Wark JD |title=Anti-epileptic medication and bone health |journal=Osteoporosis international |volume=18 |issue=2|pages=129–42 |year=2007 |pmid=17091219 |doi=10.1007/s00198-006-0185-z}}</ref> | * [[Barbiturates]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Petty SJ, O'Brien TJ, Wark JD |title=Anti-epileptic medication and bone health |journal=Osteoporosis international |volume=18 |issue=2|pages=129–42 |year=2007 |pmid=17091219 |doi=10.1007/s00198-006-0185-z}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 21:13, 2 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.[3]
Overview
Risk factors for osteoporosis disease are o two types, include:
- Non-modifiable: age, sex, menopause, and family history
- Modifiable (potentially): smoking, alcohol, immobility, glucocorticoid abuse, and proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
Risk Factors
More common
- Age > 50
- Menopause (lack of estrogen)
- Family history of fracture or osteoporosis
- History of at least two fractures[1]
- Alcohol consumption
- Smoking (inhibits activity of osteoblasts)[2]
- Insufficient physical activity (lack of bone remodeling)
- Glucocorticoids (steroid-induced osteoporosis)[3]
- Proton pump inhibitors[4]
Less common
- Low body mass index (BMI): being overweight protects against osteoporosis, either by increasing load or through the leptin hormone[5]
- Low calcium and vitamin D intake: calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency from malnutrition
- Excess physical activity: constant damage to bone and amenorrhea in females
- Heavy metals: higher cadmium exposure results in osteomalacia (softening of the bone).[6] Lead exposure also causes osteoporosis.
- Soft drinks: phosphoric acid may increase chances of osteoporosis[7][8]
- Female athlete triad syndrome
- Barbiturates[9]
References
- ↑ Ojo F, Al Snih S, Ray LA, Raji MA, Markides KS (2007). "History of fractures as predictor of subsequent hip and nonhip fractures among older Mexican Americans". Journal of the National Medical Association. 99 (4): 412–8. PMID 17444431.
- ↑ Wong PK, Christie JJ, Wark JD (2007). "The effects of smoking on bone health". Clin. Sci. 113 (5): 233–41. doi:10.1042/CS20060173. PMID 17663660.
- ↑ Bone and Tooth Society of Great Britain, National Osteoporosis Society, Royal College of Physicians (2003). Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis (PDF). London, UK: Royal College of Physicians of London. ISBN 1-860-16173-1.
- ↑ {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}ang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC (2006). "Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture". JAMA. 296: 2947–53. PMID 17190895.
- ↑ Shapses SA, Riedt CS (2006). "Bone, body weight, and weight reduction: what are the concerns?". J. Nutr. 136 (6): 1453–6. PMID 16702302.
- ↑ Staessen J, Roels H, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J, Fagard R (1999). "Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium (PheeCad) Study Group". Lancet. 353 (9159): 1140–4. PMID 10209978. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP (2006). "Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84 (4): 936–42. PMID 17023723.
- ↑ "Soft drinks in schools". Pediatrics. 113 (1 Pt 1): 152–4. 2004. PMID 14702469.
- ↑ Petty SJ, O'Brien TJ, Wark JD (2007). "Anti-epileptic medication and bone health". Osteoporosis international. 18 (2): 129–42. doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0185-z. PMID 17091219.