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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
== | ==Psychometric testing== | ||
The number connection test (trail making test or Reitan Test) can help<ref name="pmid9566834">{{cite journal| author=Weissenborn K, Rückert N, Hecker H, Manns MP| title=The number connection tests A and B: interindividual variability and use for the assessment of early hepatic encephalopathy. | journal=J Hepatol | year= 1998 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 646-53 | pmid=9566834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9566834 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10347105">{{cite journal| author=Amodio P, Del Piccolo F, Marchetti P, Angeli P, Iemmolo R, Caregaro L et al.| title=Clinical features and survivial of cirrhotic patients with subclinical cognitive alterations detected by the number connection test and computerized psychometric tests. | journal=Hepatology | year= 1999 | volume= 29 | issue= 6 | pages= 1662-7 | pmid=10347105 | doi=10.1002/hep.510290619 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10347105 }} </ref><ref name="pmid868833">{{cite journal| author=Conn HO| title=Trailmaking and number-connection tests in the assessment of mental state in portal systemic encephalopathy. | journal=Am J Dig Dis | year= 1977 | volume= 22 | issue= 6 | pages= 541-50 | pmid=868833 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=868833 }} </ref>. | |||
The Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) may help<ref name="pmid25400460">{{cite journal| author=Montagnese S, Balistreri E, Schiff S, De Rui M, Angeli P, Zanus G et al.| title=Covert hepatic encephalopathy: agreement and predictive validity of different indices. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue= 42 | pages= 15756-62 | pmid=25400460 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15756 | pmc=4229541 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25400460 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11434627">{{cite journal| author=Weissenborn K, Ennen JC, Schomerus H, Rückert N, Hecker H| title=Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy. | journal=J Hepatol | year= 2001 | volume= 34 | issue= 5 | pages= 768-73 | pmid=11434627 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11434627 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21440091">{{cite journal| author=Riggio O, Ridola L, Pasquale C, Pentassuglio I, Nardelli S, Moscucci F et al.| title=A simplified psychometric evaluation for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2011 | volume= 9 | issue= 7 | pages= 613-6.e1 | pmid=21440091 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2011.03.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21440091 }} </ref> including a simplified version (SPHES)<ref name="pmid21440091"/>. The SPHES drops the trail making tests and so includes: | |||
* Digit symbol test (DST) | |||
* Serial dotting test (SDT) | |||
* Line tracing test (LTT) | |||
The inhibitory control test (ICT) may be a faster way to diagnose hepatic encephalopathy than standard psychometric tests (average administration time of 15 minutes versus 37 minutes).<ref name="pmid17222319">{{cite journal |author=Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Verber MD, ''et al'' |title=Inhibitory control test is a simple method to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy and predict development of overt hepatic encephalopathy |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=754-60 |year=2007 |pmid=17222319 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01048.x}}</ref> | |||
The [[Mini-Mental State Examination]] has been tested and may<ref name="pmid25755545">{{cite journal| author=Corrias M, Turco M, Rui MD, Gatta A, Angeli P, Merkel C et al.| title=Covert hepatic encephalopathy: does the mini-mental state examination help? | journal=J Clin Exp Hepatol | year= 2014 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 89-93 | pmid=25755545 | doi=10.1016/j.jceh.2013.12.005 | pmc=4116703 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25755545 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23625323">{{cite journal| author=Torres DS, Abrantes J, Brandão-Mello CE| title=Cognitive assessment of patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Brazil. | journal=Metab Brain Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 28 | issue= 3 | pages= 473-83 | pmid=23625323 | doi=10.1007/s11011-013-9405-3 | pmc=3734603 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23625323 }} </ref> or may not<ref name="pmid23815160">{{cite journal| author=Koziarska D, Wunsch E, Milkiewicz M, Wójcicki M, Nowacki P, Milkiewicz P| title=Mini-Mental State Examination in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and liver cirrhosis: a prospective, quantified electroencephalography study. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= | pages= 107 | pmid=23815160 | doi=10.1186/1471-230X-13-107 | pmc=3716589 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23815160 }} </ref> help diagnose encephalopathy. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Overview
Psychometric testing
The number connection test (trail making test or Reitan Test) can help[1][2][3].
The Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) may help[4][5][6] including a simplified version (SPHES)[6]. The SPHES drops the trail making tests and so includes:
- Digit symbol test (DST)
- Serial dotting test (SDT)
- Line tracing test (LTT)
The inhibitory control test (ICT) may be a faster way to diagnose hepatic encephalopathy than standard psychometric tests (average administration time of 15 minutes versus 37 minutes).[7]
The Mini-Mental State Examination has been tested and may[8][9] or may not[10] help diagnose encephalopathy.
References
- ↑ Weissenborn K, Rückert N, Hecker H, Manns MP (1998). "The number connection tests A and B: interindividual variability and use for the assessment of early hepatic encephalopathy". J Hepatol. 28 (4): 646–53. PMID 9566834.
- ↑ Amodio P, Del Piccolo F, Marchetti P, Angeli P, Iemmolo R, Caregaro L; et al. (1999). "Clinical features and survivial of cirrhotic patients with subclinical cognitive alterations detected by the number connection test and computerized psychometric tests". Hepatology. 29 (6): 1662–7. doi:10.1002/hep.510290619. PMID 10347105.
- ↑ Conn HO (1977). "Trailmaking and number-connection tests in the assessment of mental state in portal systemic encephalopathy". Am J Dig Dis. 22 (6): 541–50. PMID 868833.
- ↑ Montagnese S, Balistreri E, Schiff S, De Rui M, Angeli P, Zanus G; et al. (2014). "Covert hepatic encephalopathy: agreement and predictive validity of different indices". World J Gastroenterol. 20 (42): 15756–62. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15756. PMC 4229541. PMID 25400460.
- ↑ Weissenborn K, Ennen JC, Schomerus H, Rückert N, Hecker H (2001). "Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy". J Hepatol. 34 (5): 768–73. PMID 11434627.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Riggio O, Ridola L, Pasquale C, Pentassuglio I, Nardelli S, Moscucci F; et al. (2011). "A simplified psychometric evaluation for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9 (7): 613–6.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.03.017. PMID 21440091.
- ↑ Bajaj JS, Saeian K, Verber MD; et al. (2007). "Inhibitory control test is a simple method to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy and predict development of overt hepatic encephalopathy". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102 (4): 754–60. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01048.x. PMID 17222319.
- ↑ Corrias M, Turco M, Rui MD, Gatta A, Angeli P, Merkel C; et al. (2014). "Covert hepatic encephalopathy: does the mini-mental state examination help?". J Clin Exp Hepatol. 4 (2): 89–93. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2013.12.005. PMC 4116703. PMID 25755545.
- ↑ Torres DS, Abrantes J, Brandão-Mello CE (2013). "Cognitive assessment of patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Brazil". Metab Brain Dis. 28 (3): 473–83. doi:10.1007/s11011-013-9405-3. PMC 3734603. PMID 23625323.
- ↑ Koziarska D, Wunsch E, Milkiewicz M, Wójcicki M, Nowacki P, Milkiewicz P (2013). "Mini-Mental State Examination in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and liver cirrhosis: a prospective, quantified electroencephalography study". BMC Gastroenterol. 13: 107. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-13-107. PMC 3716589. PMID 23815160.