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Other diagnostic studies for blepharitis include:<ref name="pmid21450918">{{cite journal| author=Tomlinson A, Bron AJ, Korb DR, Amano S, Paugh JR, Pearce EI et al.| title=The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the diagnosis subcommittee. | journal=Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | year= 2011 | volume= 52 | issue= 4 | pages= 2006-49 | pmid=21450918 | doi=10.1167/iovs.10-6997f | pmc=3072162 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21450918  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8779082">{{cite journal| author=Driver PJ, Lemp MA| title=Meibomian gland dysfunction. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 343-67 | pmid=8779082 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8779082  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23799315">{{cite journal| author=Bachmeyer C, Bégon E| title=Chronic blepharitis. | journal=Neth J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 259-63 | pmid=23799315 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23799315  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3156100">{{cite journal| author=McCulley JP, Dougherty JM| title=Blepharitis associated with acne rosacea and seborrheic dermatitis. | journal=Int Ophthalmol Clin | year= 1985 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 159-72 | pmid=3156100 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3156100  }} </ref>
Other diagnostic studies for blepharitis include:<ref name="pmid21450918">{{cite journal| author=Tomlinson A, Bron AJ, Korb DR, Amano S, Paugh JR, Pearce EI et al.| title=The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the diagnosis subcommittee. | journal=Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | year= 2011 | volume= 52 | issue= 4 | pages= 2006-49 | pmid=21450918 | doi=10.1167/iovs.10-6997f | pmc=3072162 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21450918  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8779082">{{cite journal| author=Driver PJ, Lemp MA| title=Meibomian gland dysfunction. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 1996 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 343-67 | pmid=8779082 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8779082  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23799315">{{cite journal| author=Bachmeyer C, Bégon E| title=Chronic blepharitis. | journal=Neth J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 259-63 | pmid=23799315 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23799315  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3156100">{{cite journal| author=McCulley JP, Dougherty JM| title=Blepharitis associated with acne rosacea and seborrheic dermatitis. | journal=Int Ophthalmol Clin | year= 1985 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 159-72 | pmid=3156100 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3156100  }} </ref>


'''Slit lamp examination'''
===Slit lamp examination===
 
On [[slit lamp|slit lamp examination]], blepharitis is characterized by:
On [[slit lamp|slit lamp examination]], blepharitis is characterized by:
*[[Meibomian gland|Meibomian gland enlargement]]  
*[[Meibomian gland|Meibomian gland enlargement]]  
*Waxy secretions at the gland openings  
*Waxy secretions at the gland openings  
*Lid margin [[neovascularization]] and dilation of existing blood vessels  
*Lid margin [[neovascularization]] and dilation of existing blood vessels  
*[[Ulcerations]] along the eyelid margin.
*[[Ulcerations]] along the eyelid margin
*Corneal nodules
*Corneal nodules
*Corneal margin ulcer
*Corneal margin ulcer
*Superficial corneal pannus
*Superficial corneal pannus
'''Tear Break Up Time'''
====Images====
 
On tear break up time (TBUT),  blepharitis is characterized by tear film instability and rapid evaporation.
 
'''Measurement of Tear Osmolarity'''
 
Other diagnostic studies for blepharitis include measurement of tear osmolarity. Blepharitis concurrent with [[dry eye syndrome]] may be characterized by [[osmolarity]] of 316 mOsm/L or greater.
 
'''Microscopic evaluation of eyelashes'''
 
On microscopic evaluation of eyelashes, chronic blepharoconjunctivitis may be characterized by the presence of Demodex mites.
 
===Images===
The following are [[slit lamp|slit lamp examination]] images associated with blepharitis.<ref name="pmid21450918">{{cite journal| author=Tomlinson A, Bron AJ, Korb DR, Amano S, Paugh JR, Pearce EI et al.| title=The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the diagnosis subcommittee. | journal=Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | year= 2011 | volume= 52 | issue= 4 | pages= 2006-49 | pmid=21450918 | doi=10.1167/iovs.10-6997f | pmc=3072162 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21450918  }} </ref><ref name=Corneal-pannus> American Academy of Ophthalmology/eyewiki [http://www.aao.org/image/corneal-pannus] </ref>
The following are [[slit lamp|slit lamp examination]] images associated with blepharitis.<ref name="pmid21450918">{{cite journal| author=Tomlinson A, Bron AJ, Korb DR, Amano S, Paugh JR, Pearce EI et al.| title=The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the diagnosis subcommittee. | journal=Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | year= 2011 | volume= 52 | issue= 4 | pages= 2006-49 | pmid=21450918 | doi=10.1167/iovs.10-6997f | pmc=3072162 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21450918  }} </ref><ref name=Corneal-pannus> American Academy of Ophthalmology/eyewiki [http://www.aao.org/image/corneal-pannus] </ref>


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</gallery>
</gallery>
===Tear Break Up Time===
On tear break up time (TBUT),  blepharitis is characterized by tear film instability and rapid evaporation.
===Measurement of Tear Osmolarity===
Other diagnostic studies for blepharitis include measurement of tear osmolarity. Blepharitis concurrent with [[dry eye syndrome]] may be characterized by tear osmolarity of 316 mOsm/L or greater.
===Microscopic evaluation of eyelashes===
On microscopic evaluation of eyelashes, chronic blepharoconjunctivitis may be characterized by the presence of Demodex mites.
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Revision as of 20:11, 26 July 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]

Overview

Other diagnostic studies for blepharitis include slit lamp examination, tear break up time (TBUT), and measurement of tear osmolarity.[1][2][3]

Other Diagnostic Studies

Other diagnostic studies for blepharitis include:[1][2][3][4]

Slit lamp examination

On slit lamp examination, blepharitis is characterized by:

Images

The following are slit lamp examination images associated with blepharitis.[1][5]

  • Gland expression performed at the slit lamp
    Gland expression performed at the slit lamp
  • Waxy secretions at the gland openings
    Waxy secretions at the gland openings
  • Cloudy expressed meibum (arrows)
    Cloudy expressed meibum (arrows)
  • Corneal pannus
    Corneal pannus

Tear Break Up Time

On tear break up time (TBUT), blepharitis is characterized by tear film instability and rapid evaporation.

Measurement of Tear Osmolarity

Other diagnostic studies for blepharitis include measurement of tear osmolarity. Blepharitis concurrent with dry eye syndrome may be characterized by tear osmolarity of 316 mOsm/L or greater.

Microscopic evaluation of eyelashes

On microscopic evaluation of eyelashes, chronic blepharoconjunctivitis may be characterized by the presence of Demodex mites.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Tomlinson A, Bron AJ, Korb DR, Amano S, Paugh JR, Pearce EI; et al. (2011). "The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the diagnosis subcommittee". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (4): 2006–49. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6997f. PMC 3072162. PMID 21450918.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Driver PJ, Lemp MA (1996). "Meibomian gland dysfunction". Surv Ophthalmol. 40 (5): 343–67. PMID 8779082.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bachmeyer C, Bégon E (2013). "Chronic blepharitis". Neth J Med. 71 (5): 259–63. PMID 23799315.
  4. ↑ McCulley JP, Dougherty JM (1985). "Blepharitis associated with acne rosacea and seborrheic dermatitis". Int Ophthalmol Clin. 25 (1): 159–72. PMID 3156100.
  5. ↑ American Academy of Ophthalmology/eyewiki [1]

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