Hypercalcemia overview

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Hypercalcemia Microchapters
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Overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

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Overview

Hypercalcemia (in UK English Hypercalcaemia) is an elevated calcium level in the blood. (Normal range: 9-10.5 mg/dL or 2.2-2.6 mmol/L). It can be an asymptomatic laboratory finding, but because an elevated calcium level is often indicative of other diseases, a diagnosis should be undertaken if it persists. It can be due to excessive skeletal calcium release, increased intestinal calcium absorption, or decreased renal calcium excretion.

• Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the the body
• 99% of the calcium in the body is stored in the bone
• Calcium in the plasma is either ionized or protein-bound and readily available for use
• An increase in total plasma calcium concentration above 10.4 mg/dL signifies hypercalcemia
• Serum concentration is regulated through parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D and calcitonin

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hypercalcemia from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

References