Rhabdomyoma

WikiDoc Resources for Rhabdomyoma
Articles
Most recent articles on Rhabdomyoma Most cited articles on Rhabdomyoma Review articles on Rhabdomyoma Articles on Rhabdomyoma in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Rhabdomyoma Images of Rhabdomyoma Photos of Rhabdomyoma Podcasts & MP3s on Rhabdomyoma Videos on Rhabdomyoma
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Rhabdomyoma Bandolier on Rhabdomyoma TRIP on Rhabdomyoma
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Rhabdomyoma at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Rhabdomyoma Clinical Trials on Rhabdomyoma at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Rhabdomyoma NICE Guidance on Rhabdomyoma NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Rhabdomyoma CDC on Rhabdomyoma
Books
Books on Rhabdomyoma
News
Rhabdomyoma in the news Be alerted to news on Rhabdomyoma News trends on Rhabdomyoma
Commentary
Blogs on Rhabdomyoma
Definitions
Definitions of Rhabdomyoma
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Rhabdomyoma Discussion groups on Rhabdomyoma Patient Handouts on Rhabdomyoma Directions to Hospitals Treating Rhabdomyoma Risk calculators and risk factors for Rhabdomyoma
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Rhabdomyoma Causes & Risk Factors for Rhabdomyoma Diagnostic studies for Rhabdomyoma Treatment of Rhabdomyoma
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Rhabdomyoma
International
Rhabdomyoma en Espanol Rhabdomyoma en Francais
Business
Rhabdomyoma in the Marketplace Patents on Rhabdomyoma
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Rhabdomyoma

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Rhabdomyomatous neoplasm; Adult rhabdomyoma; Genital rhabdomyoma; Fetal rhabdomyoma

Overview

A rhabdomyoma is a benign tumor of striated muscle. Rhabdomyomas develop mostly before the age of one year, almost exclusively in children, and approximately 80 to 90 percent are associated with tuberous sclerosis. The most common primary pediatric tumor of the heart is cardiac rhabdomyoma.

Classification

• Rhabdomyoma may be classified into the following subtypes:
• Neoplastic

• Adult
• Fetal
• Genital

• Hamartoma

• Cardiac rhabdomyoma
• Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartomas of the skin

Staging

The staging of rhabdomyomas is based on the grade (G), site (T), and metastasis (M), as follows:

• G0 - Benign
• T0 - Intracapsular
• T1 - Extracapsular, intracompartmental
• M0 - None

Stage	Severity	Description
Benign Stage 1	Latent G0T0M0	Remains static or heals spontaneously
Benign Stage 2	Active G0T0M0	Progressive growth but limited by natural barriers
Benign Stage 3	Aggressive G0T1M0	Progressive growth not limited by natural barriers

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

• Cardiac rhabdomyomas tend to grow up to approximately 32 weeks gestation. After, cells usually lose their ability to divide and undergo apoptosis via a ubiquitin-mediated pathway. The degradation of myofilaments is expressed by ubiquitin. Apoptosis follows, leading to the eventual regression of the hamartoma. Complete or partial resolution occurs in the majority of cases, regardless of the initial size of the tumor.

Location

• The head and neck area harbors approximately 90% of adult rhabdomyomas.
• Adult rhabdomyoma is localized to the oropharynx, the larynx, and the muscles of the neck.
• Fetal rhabdomyoma occurs most often in the subcutaneous tissues of the head and neck in children.
• Genital rhabdomyoma most often involves the vagina or vulva.
• Cardiac rhabdomyoma usually involves the myocardium of both ventricles and the interventricular septum,, but can be located in the atria, the epicardial surface, or the cavoatrial junction.

Immunohistochemistry

• Cross-striation has been demonstrated by muscle specific actin, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH), desmin, and myoglobin.
• Dystrophin is shown to be expressed in the cell membranes.

Associated Conditions

• Cardiac rhabdomyoma is a hamartomatous proliferation frequently associated with sebaceous adenomas, tuberous sclerosis of the brain, and various hamartomatous lesions of the kidney and other organs.

Gross Pathology

• On gross pathology, round or polypoid mass in the region of the neck are characteristic findings of adult rhabdomyoma.
• On gross pathology, characteristic findings of cardiac rhabdomyomas may include:
  • Round or lobulated, grossly well circumscribed masses which range from 1 mm to 10 cm in their greatest dimension
  • Isolated or multiple
  • Solid tan-white homogeneous consistency, often watery and glistening on their cut surface
  • Infrequently, calcification and hemorrhage

Microscopic Pathology

• On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of adult rhabdomyoma include:
  • Well-differentiated large cells, which are deeply eosinophilic polygonal with small, peripherally placed nuclei
  • Occasionally, intracellular vacuoles, which resemble striated muscle cells
• On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of fetal rhabdomyoma include spindle-shaped cells with indistinct cytoplasm and muscle fibers, which resemble striated muscle tissue seen in intrauterine development at 7-12 weeks.
• On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of genital rhabdomyoma include:
  • A mixture of fibroblast cells with clusters of mature cells containing distinct cross-striations
  • A matrix containing varying amounts of collagen and mucoid material
• On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of cardiac rhabdomyoma include cells that closely resemble embryonic cardiac muscle cells.
• On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma of the skin include lesions which contain poorly oriented or perpendicular bundles of well-differentiated skeletal muscle with islands of fat, fibrous tissue, and occasionally proliferating nerves.

Causes

• Adult rhabdomyomas are almost totally matured neoplasms of clonal origin.
• Cardiac rhabdomyoma may be caused by either sporadic mutation or in the setting of certain genetic disorders.
• Approximately more than 50% of rhabdomyomas are caused by sporadic mutations. However, in rare cases, Ebstein anomaly, tetralogy of Fallot, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome can be associated with cardiac rhabdomyoma.
• The genetic disorder commonly associated with cardiac rhabdomyoma is tuberous sclerosis. Other genetic disorders associated with cardiac rhabdomyomas include basal cell nevus syndrome and Down syndrome in the setting of tuberous sclerosis.
• The familial form of tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by widespread hamartomas that may involve the kidneys, heart, skin, brain, and other organs. The association of cardiac rhabdomyoma and tuberous sclerosis is important and has been explained by strong clinical association. Molecular evidence of this association has been identified as the TSC2 gene missense mutation.
• Cardiac rhabdomyoma is caused by a mutation in the TSC-1 on chromosome 9q34 that encodes for protein hamartin, and TSC-2 on 16p13 that encodes for tuberin. These genes are both tumor suppressor genes that assist in the regulation of growth and differentiation of developing cardiomyocytes.

Differentiating Rhabdomyoma from Other Diseases

• Rhabdomyomas must be differentiated from other diseases, such as:

• Hibernoma
• Reticulohistiocytoma
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Granular cell tumors

Epidemiology and Demographics

• Cardiac rhabdomyomas are usually detected during the first year of life or before birth. Cardiac rhabdomyomas account for over 60% of all primary cardiac tumors.
• Worldwide, rhabdomyoma is rare.
• Approximately 50% of patients with tuberous sclerosis develop a cardiac rhabdomyoma. Similarly, approximately 51-86% of children diagnosed with cardiac rhabdomyomas demonstrate radiologic or clinical evidence of tuberous sclerosis or have a positive family history. Rhabdomyoma is extremely rare in the United States. Rhabdomyoma has a relative incidence of 5.8%. The incidence of cardiac rhabdomyoma is 0.002-0.25% at autopsy, 0.02-0.08% in live-born infants, and 0.12% in prenatal reviews.

Age

• Adult rhabdomyoma is more commonly observed among patients aged greater than 40 years old.
• Fetal rhabdomyoma is more commonly observed among patients aged between birth and 3 years.
• Cardiac rhabdomyoma is more commonly observed among patients in the pediatric age group.
• Genital rhabdomyoma is more commonly observed among patients in the young and middle-aged women.
• Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartomas of the skin is more commonly observed among newborns and infants.

Gender

• Cardiac rhabdomyoma affects men and women equally.
• Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma of skin is observed in male and female newborns and infants equally.
• Males are more commonly affected with adult rhabdomyoma than females.
• Males are more commonly affected with fetal rhabdomyoma than females.
• Females are more commonly affected with genital rhabdomyoma than males.

Race

• There is no racial predilection for rhabdomyomas.

Risk Factors

• There are no established risk factors for rhabdomyoma.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Natural History

• The majority of rhabdomyomas regress spontaneously, and resection is usually not required unless a child is symptomatic.
  • Early clinical features include heart failure, cardiac murmur, and arrhythmia.
• If left untreated, cardiac rhabdomyomas generally follows a complete or partial regression with consequent resolution of symptoms. The majority of rhabdomyomas regress spontaneously, and surgical resection is usually not required unless a child is symptomatic.
  • If left untreated, tumors larger than 20 mm in diameter are more likely to cause arrhythmias or hemodynamic disturbances, which are associated with an increased risk of death.
  • The majority of patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma remain asymptomatic; however, some affected patients become symptomatic in the perinatal period.

Complications

• Common complications of cardiac rhabdomyoma include development of cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular outflow tract obstruction, valvular compromise, and disruption of intracardiac blood flow leading to congestive heart failure and hydrops.

Prognosis

• Generally, prognosis is generally good depending on the part of the body involved; the survival rate of patients with rhabdomyoma is approximately 81% to 92%. Rhabdomyomas that alter valve function and lead to [[regurgitation (circulation)|regurgitation} or that obstruct the inflow or ventricular outflow tracts carry a poor prognosis. The long-term prognosis of cardiac rhabdomyoma is affected by the neurologic manifestations associated with tuberous sclerosis.
• The prognosis of patients with rhabdomyomas is chiefly determined by the size, number and location of the lesions as well as the presence or absence of associated anomalies.
  • The morbidity of rhabdomyoma depends on the type of lesion and its location.
    • Patients with cardiac rhabdomyomas have the highest risk.
• Metastases have not been associated with rhabdomyoma.

Diagnosis

Symptoms

• Symptoms of adult rhabdomyoma may include the following:

• Hoarseness
• Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty swallowing

• Symptoms of genital rhabdomyoma may include the following:

• Dyspareunia

• In cardiac rhabdomyoma, symptoms if present, are caused by obstruction of blood flow through the heart or consist of rhythm disturbances, such as heart block of ventricular tachycardia.
• Symptoms of cardiac rhabdomyoma may include the following:

• Shortness of breath

Physical Examination

• Physical examination may be remarkable for:
• The presence of a round or polypoid mass in the region of the neck in adult rhabdomyoma.
• Subcutaneous masses in the head and neck regions in fetal rhabdomyoma.
• Vaginal masses in genital rhabdomyoma
• Cardiac rhabdomyomas may present with heart murmurs. If tuberous sclerosis is associated, the patient displays cerebral palsy–type signs. Renal functions may be altered.

Laboratory Findings

• There are no specific laboratory findings associated with rhabdomyoma.
• The usual laboratory studies that are ordered, includes the following:
  • Complete blood count (CBC)
  • Hemoglobin/hematocrit
  • Platelet count
  • Urinalysis

Imaging Findings

• MRI is the imaging modality of choice for rhabdomyoma. Chest CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of cardiac rhabdomyoma.
• On ultrasound, rhabdomyoma is characterized by one or more solid hyper echoic mass(es) located in relation to the myocardium. The small lesions can mimic diffuse myocardial thickening.
• Radiographs of the chest and affected areas of the body may be helpful in the diagnosis of rhabdomyomas.

Other Diagnostic Studies

• Rhabdomyoma may also be diagnosed using biopsy.
• Any masses, including those found in the head and neck of patients with adult rhabdomyoma, should be biopsied to establish a diagnosis.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

• There is no treatment for rhabdomyoma; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care. The majority of patients can be managed conservatively. Conservative management includes frequent monitoring of cardiac rhabdomyoma patients with echocardiography and electrocardiography (ECG).
• Patients with arrhythmias are treated with antiarrhythmic medications.
• The mainstay of therapy for cardiac rhabdomyoma is everolimus. Everolimus acts by inhibition of mTOR.
• In patients with adult rhabdomyoma, nasal oxygen may help patients with breathing difficulties. In circumstances in which swallowing becomes extremely difficult in adult rhabdomyoma patients, supplemental intravenous fluids may be administered until surgery is performed.
• If symptoms of urinary tract obstruction develops, patients with genital rhabdomyomas may require catheterization. Genital rhabdomyomas patients who become pregnant need to be monitored closely. They may require a cesarean delivery.
• In patients with adult rhabdomyoma with problems related to swallowing may need to be placed on a liquid diet.
• Until appropriate treatment can be undertaken, patients with adult rhabdomyoma who are experiencing breathing difficulties should restrict their activities. Patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma should also restrict their activities.

Surgery

• Surgical intervention is reserved for patients with cardiac rhabdomyomas who have symptoms of severe hemodynamic compromise or intractable arrhythmias. Surgical management involves removal of the intracavitary portion of the tumor without complete excision of the entire lesion.
• Surgical resection of the tumor can only be performed for patients with adult rhabdomyoma if airway obstruction is diagnosed.

Prevention

• There are no primary preventive measures available for rhabdomyoma.