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Effective measures for the primary prevention of typhoid fever include the following:
Effective measures for the primary prevention of typhoid fever include the following:
===Vaccination===
===Vaccination===
There are two types of vaccines for typhoid fever<ref name="pmidhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.110">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.110 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref>Wahdan, M. H., et al. "A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results." Journal of Infectious Diseases 145.3 (1982): 292-295.</ref><ref name="pmid3657877">{{cite journal| author=Acharya IL, Lowe CU, Thapa R, Gurubacharya VL, Shrestha MB, Cadoz M et al.| title=Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. A preliminary report. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1987 | volume= 317 | issue= 18 | pages= 1101-4 | pmid=3657877 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198710293171801 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3657877  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11320385">{{cite journal| author=Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC et al.| title=The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 344 | issue= 17 | pages= 1263-9 | pmid=11320385 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200104263441701 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11320385  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27479027">{{cite journal| author=MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Andrews JR| title=Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27479027 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000302 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27479027  }} </ref><ref>http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid</ref><ref name="pmid12168224">{{cite journal| author=Hainsworth T| title=Travel vaccines: a guide to appropriate use. | journal=Nurs Times | year= 2002 | volume= 98 | issue= 25 | pages= 40-2 | pmid=12168224 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12168224  }} </ref>
There are two types of vaccines for typhoid fever<ref name="pmidhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.110">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.110 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref><ref>Wahdan, M. H., et al. "A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results." Journal of Infectious Diseases 145.3 (1982): 292-295.</ref><ref name="pmid3657877">{{cite journal| author=Acharya IL, Lowe CU, Thapa R, Gurubacharya VL, Shrestha MB, Cadoz M et al.| title=Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. A preliminary report. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1987 | volume= 317 | issue= 18 | pages= 1101-4 | pmid=3657877 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198710293171801 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3657877  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11320385">{{cite journal| author=Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC et al.| title=The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 344 | issue= 17 | pages= 1263-9 | pmid=11320385 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200104263441701 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11320385  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27479027">{{cite journal| author=MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Andrews JR| title=Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27479027 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000302 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27479027  }} </ref><ref>http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid</ref><ref name="pmid12168224">{{cite journal| author=Hainsworth T| title=Travel vaccines: a guide to appropriate use. | journal=Nurs Times | year= 2002 | volume= 98 | issue= 25 | pages= 40-2 | pmid=12168224 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12168224 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27479027">{{cite journal| author=MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Andrews JR| title=Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27479027 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000302 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27479027 }} </ref>
:*Inactivated typhoid vaccine, ViCPS(IM)
:*Inactivated typhoid vaccine, ViCPS(IM)
:*Live typhoid vaccine (oral)
:*Live typhoid vaccine (oral)

Revision as of 22:52, 29 August 2016


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Primary Prevention

Effective measures for the primary prevention of typhoid fever include the following:

Vaccination

There are two types of vaccines for typhoid fever[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][6]

  • Inactivated typhoid vaccine, ViCPS(IM)
  • Live typhoid vaccine (oral)

Indications

  • Travelers visiting endemic areas.[9][10]
  • Health care workers dealing typhoid patients or handling salmonella typhi.
  • Individuals at increased risk of acquiring infection such as household contact[11][12]

Contraindications

Following are the contraindications for typhoid vaccine[5][13]

  • Severe allergic reaction to the vaccine component
  • Severely ill patients or immunocompromised individuals
  • Severe reaction to previous dose.
  • Children younger than 2 years of age for inactivated vaccine.
  • Children younger than six years of age for live attenuated vaccine.
  • Pregnancy[14]

The table below provides the basic information on typhoid vaccines that are available in the United States:

Typhoid vaccines

Other measures

Following measures in endemic areas help decrease incidence of typhoid in these areas.[5]

  • Improving personal hygiene and sanitation[15]
  • Proper sewage disposal.
  • Avoiding overcrowding.
  • Avoiding close contact or sharing utensils with people already suffering from typhoid.

Following preventive measures can help prevent disease in people traveling to endemic area:[5][16][17]

  • Avoiding foods and beverages from street vendors.
  • Avoiding raw fruits and vegetables that cannot be peeled.
  • Avoid consumption of ice cream
  • Eating food which is properly cooked and served hot.
  • Using hard cooked eggs
  • Using pasteurized milk products.
  • Using boiled or bottled water.

References

  1. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7125.110 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Wahdan, M. H., et al. "A controlled field trial of live Salmonella typhi strain Ty 21a oral vaccine against typhoid: three-year results." Journal of Infectious Diseases 145.3 (1982): 292-295.
  3. ↑ Acharya IL, Lowe CU, Thapa R, Gurubacharya VL, Shrestha MB, Cadoz M; et al. (1987). "Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. A preliminary report". N Engl J Med. 317 (18): 1101–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM198710293171801. PMID 3657877.
  4. ↑ Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC; et al. (2001). "The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children". N Engl J Med. 344 (17): 1263–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM200104263441701. PMID 11320385.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 MacFadden DR, Bogoch II, Andrews JR (2016). "Advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of invasive Salmonella infections". Curr Opin Infect Dis. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000302. PMID 27479027.
  7. ↑ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid
  8. ↑ Hainsworth T (2002). "Travel vaccines: a guide to appropriate use". Nurs Times. 98 (25): 40–2. PMID 12168224.
  9. ↑ John TJ (1995). "Typhoid vaccine". Indian Pediatr. 32 (3): 391–3. PMID 8613306.
  10. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/typhoid.html
  11. ↑ Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2015). "Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 64 (11): 305–8. PMID 25811680.
  12. ↑ Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, Dempsey AF, Hoekstra RM, Nelson JM; et al. (2004). "Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention?". Clin Infect Dis. 39 (2): 186–91. doi:10.1086/421945. PMID 15307027.
  13. ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/typhoid.html
  14. ↑ Galev A, Nacheva A (2014). "[Pregnancy and vaccinoprevention]". Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 53 (1): 51–6. PMID 24919344.
  15. ↑ Ivanoff, Bernard. "Typhoid fever: global situation and WHO recommendations." Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 26 (1995): 1-6.
  16. ↑ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/typhoid
  17. ↑ Ahmad Hatib NA, Chong CY, Thoon KC, Tee NW, Krishnamoorthy SS, Tan NW (2016). "Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital: A Retrospective Six-Year Review". Ann Acad Med Singapore. 45 (7): 297–302. PMID 27523510.

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