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| '''''Mycoplasma genitalium''''' is a small [[parasite|parasitic]] bacterium which lives on the [[ciliated]] [[epithelial]] cells of the [[primate]] [[genital tract|genital]] and [[Respiration (physiology)|respiratory tract]]s. ''M. genitalium'' is the smallest known free-living [[bacterium]], and the second-smallest bacterium after the recently-discovered [[endosymbiont]] ''[[Carsonella ruddii]]''. Until the discovery of ''[[Nanoarchaeum]]'' in 2002, ''M. genitalium'' was also considered to be the [[organism]] with the smallest [[genome]] (aside from [[virus]]es).
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| ''Mycoplasma genitalium'' was originally isolated in 1980 from [[urethral]] [[specimen]]s of two male patients with [[non-gonococcal urethritis]]. Infection by ''M. genitalium'' seems fairly common, can be transmitted between partners during unprotected [[sexual intercourse]], and can be treated with [[antibiotic]]s; however, the organism's role in [[genital disease]]s is still unclear.
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| The genome of ''M. genitalium'' consists of approximately 580,000 [[base pairs]], which are split into 74 fragments by the [[enzyme]] [[EcoRI]]. An initial study of the M. genitalium genome with [[random sequencing]] was performed by Peterson in 1993. It was then sequenced by Fraser and others (''Science'' 270:397-403 (1995)). It was found to contain only 470 [[predicted coding region]]s, including [[gene]]s required for [[DNA replication]], [[gene transcription|transcription]] and [[gene translation|translation]], [[DNA repair]], [[cellular transport]], and [[energy metabolism]]. It was the second complete bacterial genome ever sequenced, after [[Haemophilus influenzae]]. The small genome of ''M. genitalium'' made it the organism of choice in [[The Minimal Genome Project]], a study to find the smallest set of genetic material necessary to sustain [[life]].
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| ==Synthetic life==
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| In October of 2007, a team of scientists headed by controversial DNA researcher [[Craig Venter]] and Nobel laureate [[Hamilton Smith]] announced that they plan to create the first artificial life form in history by creating a synthetic chromosome which they plan to inject into the ''M. genitalium'' bacterium, potentially resulting in an artificial species dubbed ''[[Mycoplasma laboratorium]]''. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2007/oct/06/genetics.climatechange]
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| ==Medical Therapy==
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| ===Antimicrobial Regimen===
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| :* 1. '''Urethritis and cervicitis'''<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1545-8601| volume = 64| issue = RR-03| pages = 1–137| last1 = Workowski| first1 = Kimberly A.| last2 = Bolan| first2 = Gail A.| title = Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015| journal = MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control| date = 2015-06-05| pmid = 26042815}}</ref>
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| ::* Preferred regimen (macrolide-susceptible strains) (1): [[Azithromycin]] 1 g PO as a single dose
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| ::* Preferred regimen (macrolide-susceptible strains) (2): [[Azithromycin]] 500 mg PO as a dose followed by 250 mg PO qd for 4 days
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| ::* Preferred regimen (for patients with previous treatment failures): [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg PO qd for 7–14 days
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| :* 2. '''Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)'''<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1545-8601| volume = 64| issue = RR-03| pages = 1–137| last1 = Workowski| first1 = Kimberly A.| last2 = Bolan| first2 = Gail A.| title = Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015| journal = MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control| date = 2015-06-05| pmid = 26042815}}</ref>
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| ::* Preferred regimen: [[Moxifloxacin]] 400 mg PO qd for 14 days
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| :* 3. '''Specific considerations'''<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1545-8601| volume = 64| issue = RR-03| pages = 1–137| last1 = Workowski| first1 = Kimberly A.| last2 = Bolan| first2 = Gail A.| title = Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015| journal = MMWR. Recommendations and reports: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control| date = 2015-06-05| pmid = 26042815}}</ref>
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| ::* 3.1 '''Management of sex partners'''
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| ::* Sex partners should be managed according to guidelines for patients with nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
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| ::* 3.2 '''HIV infection'''
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| ::* Persons who have an M. genitalium infection and HIV infection should receive the same treatment regimen as those who are HIV negative.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[The Minimal Genome Project]]
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| * [[Candidatus Carsonella ruddii]]
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.hpa.org.uk/cfi/stbrl/Mycoplasma_genitalium_ref_work.htm Mycoplasma genitalium Reference Work] at the [[UK Health Protection Agency]]
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| * [http://www.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR2/GenomePage3.spl?database=gmg Mycoplasma genitalium G-37 genome page]
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| [[Category:Infectious Disease Project]] | | [[Category:Infectious Disease Project]] |
| [[Category:Mollicutes]] | | [[Category:Mollicutes]] |
| [[Category:Model organisms]] | | [[Category:Model organisms]] |
| {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
