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==Overview==
==Overview==
Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = 376&ndash;7 |publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref> It is usually transmitted through faecally contaminated water or food and remains an ever-present risk in many countries. The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to [[hypotension]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]] (mostly [[hypokalemia]]). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to [[hypotension]] and which can result in [[renal failure]], [[shock]], [[coma]] and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to [[nephropathy]] and [[myocardial necrosis|focal myocardial necrosis]]. Among the children, [[hypoglycemia]] is common and can lead to [[seizures]].<ref name=Cholera-outbreak> World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf</ref>
Cholera can cause a severe diarrheal disease.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = 376&ndash;7 |publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref> The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to [[hypotension]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]] (mostly [[hypokalemia]]). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to [[hypotension]] which can result in [[renal failure]], [[shock]], [[coma]] and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to [[nephropathy]] and [[myocardial necrosis|focal myocardial necrosis]]. Among the children, [[hypoglycemia]] is common and can lead to [[seizures]].<ref name=Cholera-outbreak> World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf</ref>
If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.<ref name=Lancet2004>{{cite journal |author=Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK |title=Cholera |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9404 |pages=223–33 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14738797 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kenneth |last=Todar |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html |title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera |publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology |date= |accessdate=2010-12-20}}</ref>
If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.<ref name=Lancet2004>{{cite journal |author=Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK |title=Cholera |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9404 |pages=223–33 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14738797 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kenneth |last=Todar |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html |title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera |publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology |date= |accessdate=2010-12-20}}</ref>
 
==Natural history, complications, and prognosis
==Natural history==
===Natural history===
Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = 376&ndash;7 |publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref> It is usually transmitted through faecally contaminated water or food and remains an ever-present risk in many countries. The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to [[hypotension]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]] (mostly [[hypokalemia]]). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to [[hypotension]] and which can result in [[renal failure]], [[shock]], [[coma]] and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to [[nephropathy]] and [[myocardial necrosis|focal myocardial necrosis]]. Among the children, [[hypoglycemia]] is common and can lead to [[seizures]].<ref name=Cholera-outbreak> World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf</ref>
Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | pages = 376&ndash;7 |publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0838585299 }}</ref> It is usually transmitted through faecally contaminated water or food and remains an ever-present risk in many countries. The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to [[hypotension]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]] (mostly [[hypokalemia]]). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to [[hypotension]] and which can result in [[renal failure]], [[shock]], [[coma]] and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to [[nephropathy]] and [[myocardial necrosis|focal myocardial necrosis]]. Among the children, [[hypoglycemia]] is common and can lead to [[seizures]].<ref name=Cholera-outbreak> World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf</ref>
 
===Complications===
 
==Complications==
Delayed initiation of rehydration and therapy leads to complications.
Delayed initiation of rehydration and therapy leads to complications.
* [[Hypotension]]
* [[Hypotension]]
Line 20: Line 18:
**[[Hypokalemia]]  
**[[Hypokalemia]]  
* [[Death]]
* [[Death]]
 
===Prognosis===
==Prognosis==
*If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.<ref name=Lancet2004>{{cite journal |author=Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK |title=Cholera |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9404 |pages=223–33 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14738797 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kenneth |last=Todar |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html |title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera |publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology |date= |accessdate=2010-12-20}}</ref>
*If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.<ref name=Lancet2004>{{cite journal |author=Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK |title=Cholera |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9404 |pages=223–33 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=14738797 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kenneth |last=Todar |url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html |title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera |publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology |date= |accessdate=2010-12-20}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Primary Care]]


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Revision as of 14:13, 7 October 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2]; Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [3]

Overview

Cholera can cause a severe diarrheal disease.[1] The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to hypotension and electrolyte imbalance (mostly hypokalemia). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to hypotension which can result in renal failure, shock, coma and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to nephropathy and focal myocardial necrosis. Among the children, hypoglycemia is common and can lead to seizures.[2] If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.[3][4] ==Natural history, complications, and prognosis

Natural history

Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.[1] It is usually transmitted through faecally contaminated water or food and remains an ever-present risk in many countries. The incubation period is very short (2 hours to 5 days), so as the result the number of cases can rise extremely quickly. Delayed initiation of rehydration therapy or inadequate rehydration may lead to hypotension and electrolyte imbalance (mostly hypokalemia). If dehydration left untreated, it may lead to hypotension and which can result in renal failure, shock, coma and death. If hypokalemia left untreated, it can lead to nephropathy and focal myocardial necrosis. Among the children, hypoglycemia is common and can lead to seizures.[2]

Complications

Delayed initiation of rehydration and therapy leads to complications.

Prognosis

  • If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%. However, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.[3][5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 376&ndash, 7. ISBN 0838585299.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 World Health Organization. Assessing the Outbreak response and improving preparedness (2004) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43017/1/WHO_CDS_CPE_ZFk_2004.4_eng.pdf
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK (2004). "Cholera". Lancet. 363 (9404): 223–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7. PMID 14738797. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Todar, Kenneth. "Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  5. ↑ Todar, Kenneth. "Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved 2010-12-20.

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